79 pubblicazioni classificate nel seguente modo:

The use of lignin for sustainable asphalt pavements: A literature review
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Gaudenzi, E.; Cardone, F.; Lu, X.; Canestrari, F.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Nowadays, one of the most interests of modern society is to replace increasingly larger quantities of petroleum derived products, which is a non-renewable source progressively depleting, so promoting both environmental and economic benefits. In this context, the practice to employ renewable sources to replace part of the bituminous materials is an effective approach in pavement engineering. Among different biomasses which are recognized as possible sources mixable with bitumen, lignin can represent a valid material. Lignin is a natural resource commonly deriving from the by-product of the production of pulp and paper industry. It is the secondbmost common biopolymer on Earth and represents a potentially attractive alternative as partial substitute ofbbitumen. However, in order to understand the environmental and technical feasibility of the application of lignin in bituminous pavement applications, a multi-scale approach must be adopted. For this purpose, the paper aims at providing an overview of the use of lignin as renewable source in bituminous binders and mixtures, by investigating chemical, rheological and mechanical properties of lignin modified asphalt materials. Moreover, based on the available literature, field application experiences and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis are also discussed.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/309790

Investigation of unaged and long-term aged bio-based asphalt mixtures containing lignin according to the VECD theory
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Autore/i: Gaudenzi, Elena; Ingrassia, LORENZO PAOLO; Cardone, Fabrizio; Lu, Xiaohu; Canestrari, Francesco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: In the near future, the world of civil and building engineering will be dominated by the advent of bio-materials. Even the road paving sector is involved in the transition towards more sustainable solutions, promoting at the same time environmental benefits and economic savings. Currently, one of the main goals is to ensure that bio-binders offer good performance, at least comparable with that offered by conventional materials. In the last decades, the exponential increase in traffic volumes has led to various types of asphalt pavement distresses, among which fatigue cracking is one of the most common. Within this context, this study presents the characterization of a bio-based asphalt mixture obtained by replacing 30% of bitumen with lignin, which was compared with a reference asphalt mixture containing a plain bitumen characterised by the same penetration grade. Laboratory produced and compacted specimens were subjected to complex modulus and cyclic fatigue tests with the Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT). Both unaged and long-term aging conditions were investigated. The tests and the subsequent analyses were based on the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) approach. Overall, the results showed that the presence of lignin led to a lower aging susceptibility, but also caused a slight reduction in fatigue life due to an increase in the material stiffness. Furthermore, the obtained results confirmed previous findings deriving from the study of the two binders and from the conventional characterization of the same asphalt mixtures as well.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/315989

Performance Analysis of Bio-Based Asphalt Mixtures Containing Lignin
EUROPEAN TRANSPORT/TRASPORTI EUROPEI
Autore/i: Gaudenzi, Elena; Canestrari, Francesco; Lu, Xiaohu; Cardone, Fabrizio
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Given the need to promote the circular economy and sustainability, one of the main current trends in road materials construction is to employ industrial residues and by-products deriving from renewable sources as extender, replacement or modifier of bitumen, obtaining the so-called “bio-binders”. As regards, lignin can represent a potentially attractive solution, because it is the most abundant natural biopolymer, available in large quantity and characterized by certain chemical similarity with bitumen. In this context, this study focuses on the evaluation of two dense-grade asphalt mixtures for binder layer made with bio-binders containing two different lignins, as partial replacement of bitumen. A preliminary phase allowed to optimize lignin content (30% by bio-binder weight) based on empirical test (i.e. dynamic viscosity, penetration and softening point tests) with the aim of maximizing the bitumen replacement and at the same time obtaining two bio-binders having a consistency similar to a reference plain bitumen. In the second phase, two bio-based mixtures were produced by using the before-optimized bio-binders in different attempt contents. After mixing, specimens were produced by means of a gyratory compactor at set gyrations. Then, the two lignin-based asphalt mixtures were compared with the reference mixture in terms of workability, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) and water sensitivity. Despite the bio-based mixtures revealed a slightly penalized workability, overall results showed that they are characterized by fully comparable performances to the reference one, allowing a reduction of the effective bitumen content.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/306066

The role of fine aggregate matrix in the linear viscoelastic behaviour of cement-bitumen treated materials
ROAD MATERIALS AND PAVEMENT DESIGN
Autore/i: Mignini, Chiara; Cardone, Fabrizio; Graziani, Andrea
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The use of cold recycling technologies, including cement-bitumen treated materials (CBTM), is rising to address the environmental and economic challenges required for implementing sustainable road pavements. However, to obtain performances comparable to those of hot bituminous mixtures, the advanced study of these relatively new materials is essential, also considering the analysis of the linear viscoelastic (LVE) behaviour. This research studies the complex modulus of fine aggregate matrix (FAM) mortars, representative of the binding matrix of CBTM mixtures, characterised by several compositions. The experimental results were modelled considering both viscous and time- and temperature-independent dissipation components. Findings showed that the LVE behaviour of FAM mortars strongly depends on their composition, especially in terms of bituminous components, i.e. fresh and aged bitumen, and cement. Besides, the aged bitumen coating the reclaimed asphalt aggregate plays a role in the LVE response of CBTM mortars and mixtures.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/315990

Chemical and rheological analysis of unaged and aged bio-extended binders containing lignin
JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Autore/i: Gaudenzi, Elena; Cardone, Fabrizio; Lu, Xiaohu; Canestrari, Francesco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The use of alternative renewable sources to totally or partially replace bitumen is one of the most current challenges in the road pavement sector. The growing energy cost and environmental concerns lead to the necessity to find alternative solutions, by supporting at the same time sustainability and circular economy principles. Within this framework, this paper presents the application of a powder lignin, a natural bio-polymer deriving from byproducts of wood pulp and paper industry, to replace part of bitumen. The bituminous blend consisting in 70% of bitumen and 30% of powder lignin (by weight) was made in laboratory through the use of a high shear stirring mixer, and a reference plain bitumen characterized by a similar consistency (i.e., same penetration grade) was used as comparison. Then, an extensive investigation on chemical and rheological properties of the bio-binder is presented. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes (SARA), bending beam rheometer (BBR), frequency sweep tests and multiple stress creep recovery tests (MSCR) with a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) were performed. Moreover, unaged, short- and long-term aging conditions were considered. Results indicated that powder lignin dominates the rheological behavior of the bio-binder and, from chemical analysis, it seems that it partially acts as a filler and partially as a binder. This would result in improved performances at both low and high temperatures, leading to a wider temperature range of performance grade (PG). Moreover, despite a stiffening effect is recognized, lignin also offers an antioxidant potentiality, reducing the aging susceptibility of the investigated bio-binder.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/325576

Effect of Aging on the Rheological Properties of Blends of Virgin and Rejuvenated RA Binders
RILEM Bookseries
Autore/i: Wang, Di; Cannone Falchetto, Augusto; Hugener, Martin; Porot, Laurent; Kawakami, Atsushi; Hofko, Bern-hard; Grilli, Andrea; Pasquini, Emiliano; Pasetto, Marco; Tabatabaee, Hassan; Zhai, Huachun; Sá da Costa, Margarida; Soenen, Hilde; Kara De Maeijer, Patricia; Van den bergh, Wim; Cardone, Fabrizio; Carter, Alan; Vasconcelos, Kamilla; Carbonneau, Xavier; Lorserie, Aurelie; Mladenovic, Goran; Оrešković, Marko; Koudelka, Tomas; Coufalik, Pavel; Bocci, Edoardo; Zhang, Runhua; Dave, Eshan; Tebaldi., Gabriele
Editore: Springer International Publishing
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: The use of rejuvenators has seen a consistent increase over the years in the asphalt pavement industry. This is due to the need for maximizing the demand for incorporating a higher amount of Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) in the pavement asphalt mixtures. In order to tackle this challenge, the Task Group 3, focusing on asphalt binders and additives, of the RILEM TC RAP conducted an interlaboratory activity to evaluate the effect of aging on blends of virgin and rejuvenated RA binders. A set of conventional tests including penetration value at 25 °C, softening point temperature and rheological measurements by means of Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) were selected to involve a large number of participants. A binder, recovered from field RA, was treated with a bio-based rejuvenator and blended with a virgin binder to simulate recycling at three different percentages 60, 80, and 100%. These blends, as well as the pure virgin binder, were next short and long term aged and tested to evaluate the changes in the corresponding properties. Relatively consistent results were obtained for the entire set of blends. The aging of combined rejuvenated RA and virgin binders was comparable to that experienced for the pure virgin binder. DSR data provided a more precise evolution of the impact of aging on the materials.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/304840

International Evaluation of the Performance of Warm Mix Asphalts with High Reclaimed Asphalt Content
RILEM Bookseries
Autore/i: Marsac, Paul; Bocci, Edoardo; Cardone, Fabrizio; Falchetto Augusto, Cannone; Carbonneau, Xavier; Zaumanis, Martins; Carter, Alan; Rubio-Gamez Ma, Carmen; Del Sol Sanchez, Miguel; Dave Eshan, V.; Tebaldi, Gabriele.
Editore: 10.1007/978-3-030-46455-4_3
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: The Task Group 2 of the RILEM Technical Committee 264-RAP on non-cold recycling identified the need to gather some insights about possible durability issues associated with the combination of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) and of Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) in order to prioritize the characterization or research needs for relevant damage types. For this purpose, an international inter-laboratory testing program was launched in 5 different laboratories. This was developed on the basis of the challenges which a road material designer commonly faces: reduce the temperature, add RA, but preserve the same properties. Each laboratory characterized, according to its internal protocol, two variations of the same type of mixture (similar grading curve, binder content, etc.): a Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) without RA taken as reference and a WMA with 40% RA. The performances of all the WMA with 40% RA are then compared in order to see if common trends emerge from the different characterization methods and reveal property issues specific to WMA + RA combinations.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/304823

Performance assessment of asphalt mixtures produced with a bio-binder containing 30% of lignin
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Autore/i: Gaudenzi, Elena; Cardone, Fabrizio; Lu, Xiaohu; Canestrari, Francesco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Lignin is one of major by-product from wood and paper industry. As natural biopolymer, it could be a valid alternative as bitumen replacement and/or modifier to enhance the relevant performance of asphalt mixtures, promoting concurrently environmental benefits. In this context, the study focused onthe effects of two different binders containing 30% of lignin (by weight) on the mechanical properties of bio-asphalt mixtures. Specifically, two different lignins were blended with two plain bitumens having different consistencies so obtaining two bio-binders with a similar consistency to that of a reference plain bitumen. The two bio-binders and the reference bitumen were used to produce in the laboratory three dense graded asphalt mixtures for binder courses according to the Italian Technical Specifications. The binder-aggregate adhesion, Indirect Tensile Strength, Stiffness Modulus, thermal susceptibility, fatigue resistance, and low-temperature cracking of mixtures were analysed in both unaged and long-term aged conditions. Overall, this investigation demonstrates that bio-mixtures containing lignin offer comparable results to the reference asphalt mixture. Moreover, the bio-asphalt mixtures exhibit a lower thermal susceptibility, as well as lower aging susceptibility. The findings of this research highly encourage the use of lignin as partial replacement of bitumen in asphalt pavements.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/307961

Asphalt Binder Modification with Plastomeric Compounds Containing Recycled Plastics and Graphene
MATERIALS
Autore/i: D’Angelo, S.; Ferrotti, G.; Cardone, F.; Canestrari, F
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Polymer-modified bitumens are usually employed for enhancing the mixture performance against typical pavement distresses. This paper presents an experimental investigation of bitumens added with two plastomeric compounds, containing recycled plastics and graphene, typically used for asphalt concrete dry modification. The goal was to study the effects of the compounds on the rheological response of the binder phase, as well the adhesion properties, in comparison with a reference plain bitumen. The blends (combination of bitumen and compounds) were evaluated through dynamic viscosity tests, frequency sweep tests, and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. Moreover, the bitumen bond strength (BBS) test was performed to investigate the behavior of the systems consisting of blends and aggregate substrates (virgin and pre-coated). The rheological tests indicated that both blends performed better than the plain bitumen, especially at high temperature, showing an enhanced rutting resistance. In terms of bond strength, comparable results were found between the blends and reference bitumen. Moreover, no performance differences were detected between the two types of blends
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/295082

Interlayer bonding characterization of interfaces reinforced with geocomposites in field applications
GEOTEXTILES AND GEOMEMBRANES
Autore/i: Canestrari, F.; Cardone, F.; Gaudenzi, E.; Chiola, D.; Gasbarro, N.; Ferrotti, G.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Geocomposites are extensively used in asphalt pavements as they provide significant long-term pavement benefits. Indeed, when correctly installed, geocomposites enhance road pavement performance thanks to their waterproofing properties, stress absorbing membrane interlayer (SAMI) action and improved mechanical strength of the pavement. Nevertheless, the presence of an interlayer causes de-bonding effects that negatively influence the overall pavement characteristics. This paper presents an experimental investigation aimed at comparing the interlayer bonding characteristics of four different geocomposites with an unreinforced reference configuration, laid on an Italian motorway section, in which the reinforcement depth and the lower layer surface condition (milled or new) were also varied. Interlayer shear strength (ISS) was measured, on both cores and laboratory produced specimens, through Leutner and Ancona Shear Testing Research and Analysis (ASTRA) equipment. The ISS results showed that geocomposites can be successfully applied directly on milled surfaces. Moreover, the application of a normal stress, as in the ASTRA device, tends to mitigate any difference related to the specimen heterogeneity. Finally, existing laws, which correlate the results obtained with different shear equipment on unreinforced interfaces, were generalized by considering the presence of geocomposites and the corresponding ISS specification limits were proposed for both ASTRA and Leutner test.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/295083

Asphalt mixture modification with a plastomeric compound containing recycled plastic: laboratory and field investigation
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Autore/i: Cardone, Fabrizio; Spadoni, Sara; Ferrotti, Gilda; Canestrari, Francesco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The use of recycled plastic in asphalt pavements represents a sustainable and economic choice which, if correctly designed, could significantly improve the resistance against the typical distresses of flexible pavements. For this reason, this paper aims at evaluating the mechanical properties of two asphalt mixtures modified with two plastomeric compounds through the dry method, by comparing their results with those obtained for a reference asphalt mixture modified with Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene (SBS) polymers. One of the compounds consisted of plastomeric polymers, whereas the other was made of recycled plastic and graphene. The experimental program included laboratory tests on shear gyratory compacted specimens and cores extracted from a real-scale field trial. The results showed that stiffness, fatigue and rutting resistance of the two polymeric compound modified mixtures were comparable to those of the reference mixture. Finally, a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) campaign, performed in the field after one year of service life of the pavement, showed a reduced structural response of the sections constructed with compound modified mixtures with respect to the reference one because of compaction issues and possible interlayer de-bonding effects.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/302700

Testing Methods to Assess Healing Potential of Bituminous Binders
RILEM Bookseries
Autore/i: Baglieri, O.; Baaj, H.; Canestrari, F.; Wang, C.; Hammoum, F.; Tsantilis, L.; Cardone, F.
Editore: Springer
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Despite the fact that ability of bituminous materials to heal damage has been largely studied and that a wide literature is available on this topic, there is still no consensus in the research community on actual factors governing healing process and methods to be used to quantitatively asses healing performance of bituminous materials. In such a context, one of the main objectives of the RILEM Technical Committee 278-CHA is to evaluate the different test methods proposed by various research teams to characterize healing in bituminous materials and come up with clear and concise recommendations regarding the evaluation of healing behavior of bituminous materials in the laboratory. To this regard, an inter-laboratory experimental program has been recently started with the specific purpose of testing a common set of selected bituminous binders by using three different protocols. This paper describes the protocols adopted in the experimental program and reports some preliminary results obtained to date.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/295111

Experimental Study on the Grading Distribution of Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixtures Produced with Bitumen Emulsion and High Strength Cement
RILEM Bookseries
Autore/i: Mignini, C.; Cardone, F.; Graziani, A.
Editore: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Cold recycled asphalt mixtures (CRAM) can lead to real economic advantages only if their performance is comparable to that of traditional hot mix asphalt. This experimental study aims to investigate the effect of the grading distribution on the volumetric and mechanical properties of CRAM produced with high reclaimed asphalt dosage (>70%), bitumen emulsion and high strength cement. Four grading distributions were analysed: two continuously graded curve (derived from the Fuller-Thompson maximum density curve) with nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) 16 and 10 mm. The third was obtained increasing the filler dosage, and the fourth grading distribution was a gap-graded type, with NMAS 16 mm. Workability and compactability of the fresh CRAM were evaluated using the gyratory compactor. CRAM long-term complex modulus was measured using cyclic compression tests. Results showed that the gap-graded and the high-filler grading distributions allowed obtaining the lower voids in the mixture. Having fixed the number of voids in the mixture, the gap-graded CRAM showed a higher stiffness modulus and lower phase angle if compared to CRAM produced with the continuously graded curve.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/292642

Use of Modified Reclaimed Asphalt in Warm Mixtures
RILEM Bookseries
Autore/i: Ferrotti, G.; Canestrari, F.; Xiaotian, J.; Cardone, F.
Editore: Springer International Publishing
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) has the advantage over conventional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) of reducing pollutant emissions and energy costs. The use of WMA technologies can be fruitfully coupled with the addition of Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) improving asphalt mixture performance. However, this aspect needs to be investigated in more detail. In this regard, this paper focused on the optimization and performance investigation of a dense graded modified asphalt mixture for wearing courses, produced with WMA technology and percentages of RA up to 25%. Two WMA mixtures with two contents of RA were prepared by using a chemical additive. The results were also compared with an HMA control mixture produced with a lower RA content. Shear gyratory compacted specimens were used for a series of laboratory tests to evaluate the performance. The study of stiffness, water sensitivity, permanent deformation and fracture characteristics pointed out that appropriately designed WMA mixtures with RA can be produced without penalizing the performance with respect to the control mixture.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/295086

Complex modulus of cement-bitumen treated materials produced with different reclaimed asphalt gradations
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Autore/i: Mignini, C.; Cardone, F.; Graziani, A.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The increasing attention over cold recycling technologies as sustainable paving solutions requires a proper characterisation in terms of complex modulus for supporting the pavement design. Among cold recycled materials, cement bitumen treated materials (CBTM) benefit from the presence of both bituminous and cementitious binders. This research aims at characterising the complex modulus of CBTM mixtures produced with three different gradations, modified bitumen emulsion and two types of cement. The complex modulus measurements were modelled considering the usual viscous dissipation behaviour, linked to the bituminous component of the mixtures, along with a time- and temperature-independent dissipation component. The results showed that both the aggregate skeleton and the composition of the fine aggregate matrix affected the rheological behaviour. Furthermore, the role played by the aged binder contained in the reclaimed asphalt aggregate was highlighted by the parameters of the rheological model.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/306268

Long-term performance assessment of a warm recycled motorway pavement
CASE STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Autore/i: Spadoni, S.; Ingrassia, L. P.; Mariani, E.; Cardone, F.; Canestrari, F.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: In the last decade, warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies have undergone a strong development in the pavement sector. In fact, the reduction of the production and compaction temperatures up to 40 ◦C with respect to the conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures has many environmental beneficial effects. However, the long-term field performance of WMA mixtures is still an open issue, especially when they contain reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and polymer modified bitumen (PMB). In this regard, the objective of this investigation was to monitor the performance of a full-scale field trial constructed along an Italian motorway. The field trial included a section constructed with WMA mixtures (produced with a WMA chemical additive) and a reference section constructed with HMA mixtures. The WMA and HMA mixtures had the same composition (i.e., amount of RAP and PMB) and differed only for the temperatures adopted during the production of the mixtures and construction of the sections. Cored samples were taken from the binder and base courses at different times during the in-service life of the field trial (timespan of six years) and subjected to conventional testing as well as viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) characterization. The HMA mixtures were generally stiffer than the WMA mixtures, likely due to a more marked RAP oxidation during the production and construction phases and a higher in-service ageing rate. On the contrary, the WMA mixtures always exhibited higher fatigue resistance and better homogeneity than the HMA mixtures. Based on these findings, better long-term performance is expected for the WMA section.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/306267

Recommendation of RILEM TC 264 RAP on the evaluation of asphalt recycling agents for hot mix asphalt
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Autore/i: Hugener, Martin; Wang, Di; Cannone Falchetto, Augusto; Porot, Laurent; Kara De Maeijer, Patricia; Oresˇkovic´, Marko; Sa-da-Costa, Margarida; Tabatabaee, Hassan; Bocci, Edoardo; Kawakami, Atsushi; Hofko, Bernhard; Grilli, Andrea; Pasquini, Emiliano; Pasetto, Marco; Zhai, Huachun; Soenen, Hilde; Van den bergh, Wim; Cardone, Fabrizio; Carter, Alan; Vasconcelos, Kamilla; Carbonneau, Xavier; Lorserie, Aurelie; Mladenovic´, Goran; Koudelka, Tomas; Coufalik, Pavel; Zhang, Runhua; Dave, Eshan; Tebaldi., Gabriele
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: This recommendation is based on the results of an inter-laboratory study organised by the RILEM technical committee TC 264-RAP ‘‘Asphalt Pavement Recycling’’—Task Group 3 (TG3) focusing on Asphalt Binder for Recycled Asphalt Mixture. The TG3 aimed to evaluate the effect of a specific family of materials known as asphalt recycling agent (ARA) on the aged binder under different configurations. Even though ageing is an irreversible phenomenon, effective ARA must have the capability to improve the flexibility of the bituminous materials and their resistance against cracking susceptibility with no adverse effect on the rutting resistance of pavements containing reclaimed asphalt. A total of 17 participating laboratories analysed the properties of binder blends composed of aged binder from reclaimed asphalt in three different contents (60, 80, 100%), ARA and virgin binder. The physical properties of the blends were thoroughly evaluated through traditional and rheological binder testing. This recommendation proposes to restore the original material properties at low and intermediate temperatures (i.e. cracking resistance) while balancing the high-temperature characteristics (i.e. rutting susceptibility) with durable impact throughout the progression of ageing phenomena. Therefore, useing of the Dynamic Shear Rheometer is foreseen as a more suitable and sustainable means to evaluate binder blends containing an asphalt recycling agent. Compared with conventional testing, the proposed approach requires fewer materials while resulting in a faster experimental procedure with one single test.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/303656

Il Progetto di Ricerca “Warm Asphalt Recycling in Marche” (WARM 4.0)
RASSEGNA DEL BITUME
Autore/i: Canestrari, F.; Cardone, F.; Ferrotti, G.; Spada, A.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/295115

Performance Assessment of Asphalt Mixture Produced with a Bio-Based Binder
MATERIALS
Autore/i: Gaudenzi, Elena; Canestrari, Francesco; Lu, Xiaohu; Cardone, Fabrizio
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Nowadays, the growing energy costs and pressing worldwide demand for petroleum-based products create a strong need to develop alternative binders deriving from green and renewable sources. Bio-binders (or bitumen added to bio-based materials) can potentially be a viable alternative for the production of bituminous mixture, promoting the circular economy as well as environmental sustainability principles without reducing the overall performance of the mixture. In this context, the current study focuses on evaluation of the effects of a bio-binder on the mechanical response of asphalt concrete (AC) produced with it. In particular, a 10% bio-oil deriving from a by-product of the paper industry has been blended with a conventional 50/70 penetration grade bitumen to obtain the bio-binder. Moreover, plain bitumen having the same consistency was chosen to produce a reference AC. Two dense-graded AC wearing courses were prepared in the laboratory according to Italian technical specifications. A mechanical characterization in terms of indirect tensile strength, indirect tensile stiffness modulus, fatigue response and permanent deformation resistance was performed on gyratory compacted specimens using both conventional and performance tests. In addition, aging and water sensitivity of the AC specimens were evaluated. Overall results highlight that the AC produced with the bio-binder did not show reduced mechanical properties and it was comparable to the reference AC regardless of aging and water conditioning. This highly encourages the use of bio-binder as a viable alternative in asphalt technology.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/290903

Using fine aggregate matrix mortars to predict the curing behaviour of cement bitumen treated materials produced with different cements
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Mignini, C.; Cardone, F.; Graziani, A.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Cold recycling is a sustainable pavement rehabilitation technology. Among the different techniques, cement-bitumen treated materials (CBTM) take advantage of the presence of the two co-binders to achieve satisfying performance. A multiscale study addresses the effect of different cementitious binders on the mechanical behaviour of CBTM mixtures and fine aggregate matrix mortars produced with bitumen emulsion. The evolution of stiffness and strength during curing is measured and compared. Results show that the cement type has a critical effect on the mechanical behaviour and, under fixed curing conditions, changing the strength is equivalent to changing the dosage. Finally, fine aggregate matrix mortars offer an excellent prediction of mixture mechanical properties.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/286839

Monitoring the evolution of the structural properties of warm recycled pavements with Falling Weight Deflectometer and laboratory tests
ROAD MATERIALS AND PAVEMENT DESIGN
Autore/i: Ingrassia, LORENZO PAOLO; Cardone, Fabrizio; Ferrotti, Gilda; Canestrari, Francesco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: In pavement engineering, the use of warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies can ensure important environmental and technical benefits. However, several uncertainties about WMA still exist, such as long-term field performance and full compatibility with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) or polymer modified bitumen (PMB). In this regard, a full-scale trial section (including three test fields with warm recycled mixtures prepared with different WMA chemical additives and a reference test field with hot recycled mixtures, all containing PMB) was constructed along an Italian motorway and monitored for several years of service life. The evolution of the structural properties was assessed with in-situ Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) tests and laboratory tests on extracted cores, both immediately after the construction of the trial section and after more than three years under actual traffic loading. It was found that the reduced working temperatures adopted for theWMAmixes (40°C lower than hot mix asphalt (HMA)) did not penalise the workability and the stiffness immediately after the trial section construction, whereas theHMAmixture experienced higher structural damage (likely due to more severe aging) during the in-service life. The WMA mixes exhibited better stiffness homogeneity and, overall, superior performance and potentially longer service life with respect to the referenceHMA mixture.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/290821

Analysis of Fatigue and Healing Properties of Conventional Bitumen and Bio-Binder for Road Pavements
MATERIALS
Autore/i: Gaudenzi, Elena; Cardone, Fabrizio; Lu, Xiaohu; Canestrari, Francesco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The analysis of fatigue behavior of bituminous binders is a complex issue due to several time-temperature dependent phenomena which interact simultaneously, such as damage accumulation, viscoelasticity, thixotropy, and healing. The present research involves rheological measurements aimed at evaluating the fatigue behavior and compares the self-healing capability of two plain bitumen and a bio-binder obtained by partially replacing one of the plain bitumen with a renewable bio-oil. Healing potential was assessed by means of an experimental approach previously implemented for modified bitumen and bituminous mastic and based on the use of a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The effects of some variables such as bitumen type, bio-oil addition, and aging on the healing potential of binders were taken into account. Results showed that the above-mentioned method for healing analysis is also suitable for conventional and bio-add binders. Outcomes of the experimental investigation highlight that fatigue and self-healing are mainly dependent on binder consistency and also affected by aging. Finally, the addition of bio-oil may induce even better performances in terms of healing potential compared to conventional bitumen, especially in aged condition.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/273157

Performance Optimization of Warm Recycled Mixtures
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
Autore/i: Cardone, F.; Canestrari, F.; Jiang, X.; Ferrotti, G.
Editore: Springer
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technologies are becoming popular due to their ability to reduce mixing and compaction temperatures compared to the conventional hot mix asphalts (HMAs), with remarkable advantages of environment and costs. Moreover, WMA is considered as one of the most promising technology for increasing the re-use of Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) within the mixture although its effectiveness in recycling issues require more dedicated research activities. This paper describes a laboratory investigation aimed at optimizing a dense graded asphalt mixture for wearing course, produced with WMA technology and including up to 30% of RA. WMA mixtures were prepared by using two contents of a plain bitumen, two contents of RA and one chemical additive. A recycled HMA containing lower RA content, according to technical specifications currently applied in Italy, was selected as reference mixture. Strength and stiffness properties, water sensitivity, rutting and cracking resistance were investigated on shear gyratory compacted specimens. The result analysis on stiffness, rutting and fracture properties indicated the possibility to produce suitable WMA mixtures with higher RA contents without penalizing their performance compared to the reference one.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/287658

Mechanical Behaviour of Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixtures for Binder Courses Produced with Bitumen Emulsion and High Strength Cement
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
Autore/i: Mignini, C.; Cardone, F.; Graziani, A.
Editore: Springer
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Cold recycled asphalt mixtures (CRAM) are sustainable solutions for maintenance and rehabilitation of road pavements. Notwithstanding the environmental benefits, CRAM may exhibit lower performances compared to traditional hot mix asphalt. Besides, CRAM require a curing period to reach their long-term properties, and thus, they are usually employed in base courses. This work investigates the mechanical behaviour of CRAM with bitumen emulsion and high strength cement to verify if they are suitable for binder courses. Six CRAM were produced using 80% of reclaimed asphalt, modified emulsion and two high strength cement: sulfo-aluminous and Portland-slag cement. For comparison, two additional mixtures were produced using traditional emulsion. The CRAM had an emulsion content of 4.2% or 5.0%, and residual bitumen to cement ratio of 1.0 or 1.2. After curing periods from 6 h to 1 year, the indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) and indirect tensile strength (ITS) were assessed. Their thermal sensitivity was evaluated as well, measuring ITSM at different temperatures. Results indicate that high strength cement leads to satisfactory mechanical behaviour in the long-term. Compared to Portland-slag cement, sulfo-aluminous cement increases the rate of development of ITS and ITSM in the early stage of about 50% and 25%, respectively.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/286842

EVALUATING THE CRACKING RESISTANCE OF CEMENT-BITUMEN TREATED MATERIALS USING THE SEMI-CIRCULAR BENDING TEST
New generation of construction materials
Autore/i: Mignini, Chiara; Cardone, Fabrizio; Morbi, Alessandro; Setti, Luca; Graziani, Andrea
Editore: RILEM sarl
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Cement-bitumen treated materials (CBTM) are produced using cold recycling technologies for the rehabilitation of bituminous pavements. Bitumen emulsion and cement are used as binders, and thus jointly contribute to the mechanical performance of the mixtures. This paper focuses on the cracking resistance of CBTM, which is related to the presence and relative effect of bituminous and cementitious bonds within the mixtures. The objective is to evaluate the influence of different cement types, bitumen-to-cement ratios (1.3 and 0.8) and curing conditions (free and restricted evaporation). The semi-circular bending (SCB) test was used to evaluate the cracking resistance of mortar specimens whose composition was derived from the mixtures’ composition removing the coarse aggregates. The SCB specimens cut from gyratory compacted specimens were tested at 10 °C after 28 days of curing at 25 °C. The results analysis indicates that in the crack initiation phase, the behaviour of CBTM mortars depends on the combined presence of cementitious and bituminous bonds, whereas, in the crack propagation phase, the effects of cement type and dosage prevail and may lead to a brittle behaviour.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/267169

Sustainable Engineering for Resilient Built and Natural Environments
The First Outstanding 50 Years of “Università Politecnica delle Marche”
Autore/i: Alici, Antonello; Bocci, Maurizio; Bonvini, Paolo; Brocchini, Maurizio; Calamai, Alessandro; Canestrari, Francesco; Capozucca, Roberto; Carbonari, Alessandro; Carbonari, Sandro; Cardone, Fabrizio; Clementi, Francesco; Clini, Paolo; Cocchi, Giammichele; Corvaro, Sara; Darvini, Giovanna; Davì, Fabrizio; Dezi, Luigino; Di Giuseppe, Elisa; D’Orazio, Marco; Ferretti, Maddalena; Ferrotti, Gilda; Gara, Fabrizio; Giretti, Alberto; Graziani, Andrea; Lancioni, Giovanni; Lemma, Massimo; Lenci, Stefano; Lorenzoni, Carlo; Malinverni, Eva Savina; Mancinelli, Alessandro; Mariano, Fabio; Mentrasti, Lando; Mondaini, Gianluigi; Montecchiari, Piero; Munafò, Placido; Naticchia, Berardo; Postacchini, Matteo; Quagliarini, Enrico; Quattrini, Ramona; Ragni, Laura; Serpilli, Michele; Soldini, Luciano; Virgili, Amedeo; Zampini, Giovanni
Editore: Springer
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/272866

Effect of curing on the indirect tensile failure energy of cement-bitumen treated materials
7th International Conference "Bituminous Mixtures and Pavements"
Autore/i: Mignini, Chiara; Cardone, Fabrizio; Graziani, Andrea; Morbi, Alessandro; Setti, Luca
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Cold recycling technologies allow the use of high percentage of reclaimed asphalt (RA) through mixing at ambient temperature and thus, they represent a sustainable solution for road construction and rehabilitation. Specifically, cement-bitumen treated materials (CBTM) are produced using both bituminous and cementitious binders. Consequently, they require a curing time to reach adequate mechanical properties. This study focuses on CBTM manufactured using bitumen emulsion (2.0% of residual bitumen), cement (1.5% and 2.5%) and 80% of RA. Indirect tensile strength (ITS) was evaluated at times ranging from 1 to 90 days after sealed and unsealed curing. The transverse deformation of the specimens was measured to calculate the failure energy. Results show that ITS and failure energy increase with curing time and are higher in unsealed conditions. The horizontal strain in the early stage depends on the binders’ dosage and curing conditions whereas, in the long term it is similar for all the mixtures investigated.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/263584

Experimental investigation on the bond strength between sustainable road bio-binders and aggregate substrates
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Autore/i: Ingrassia, LORENZO PAOLO; Cardone, Fabrizio; Canestrari, Francesco; Lu, Xiaohu
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Interest is growing on the application of bio-binders in road pavements. However, currently there is a lack of data concerning the adhesion between bio-binders and aggregates, which is a crucial aspect to ensure adequate performance and durability of bituminous mixtures, especially in the presence of water. In this regard, the present investigation focuses on the evaluation of the binder bond strength (BBS) between bio-binders, characterized by different percentages of a renewable wood bio-oil and different aging levels, and aggregate substrates (limestone and porphyry), in dry and wet conditions. Preliminarily, the binders were subjected to viscosity tests to determine BBS application temperatures. The main results show that the bio-binders studied exhibit a good adhesion with limestone both in dry and wet conditions as well as with porphyry in dry conditions, resulting in cohesive failures. For porphyry substrate, after wet conditioning, a progressive transition from adhesive to cohesive failures is observed as the bio-oil content increases, indicating that the bio-oil might improve the adhesion between bitumen and siliceous aggregates. Based on previous findings on the chemical characteristics of the bio-binders, the contribution of the bio-oil to the adhesion may be attributed to its high content of esters. Overall, the results suggest that the use of bio-binders in road pavements could lead to significant benefits in terms of performance and resistance to moisture damage.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/267828

Research and Engineering for Resilient Infrastructures and Environment Protection
The First Outstanding 50 Years of “Università Politecnica delle Marche”
Autore/i: Bocci, Maurizio; Brocchini, Maurizio; Canestrari, Francesco; Cardone, Fabrizio; Corvaro, Sara; Darvini, Giovanna; Ferrotti, Gilda; Graziani, Andrea; Lorenzoni, Carlo; Mancinelli, Alessandro; Postacchini, Matteo; Soldini, Luciano; Virgili, Amedeo
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: We discuss the contribution of the research groups that work at UNIVPM in the field of infrastructure engineering to the design of resilient hydraulic and transportation infrastructures and related solutions for the protection of the environment. After recalling the long history of research and engineering intervention of the groups of Hydraulics and Transportation Infrastructures of UNIVPM, we show how the activities of such groups are becoming of increasing importance in response to the growing request of innovative solutions for resilient infrastructures (e.g. coastal protection and maritime structures, road and airport pavements) and environment protection (e.g. coastal and river flood, air pollution, waste recycling and materials reuse). Such activities have been recently boosted by the resources made available to the two groups through the “Dipartimenti di Eccellenza” award, which largely focuses on the issue of engineering for resilient built and natural environments. A projection in the future of the activities of above is also proposed.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/273420

Linear viscoelastic characterisation of bituminous mixtures using random stress excitations
ROAD MATERIALS AND PAVEMENT DESIGN
Autore/i: Graziani, A.; Cardone, F.; Virgili, A.; Canestrari, F.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The three-dimensional linear viscoelastic characterisation of bituminous mixtures can be performed with the concurrent measurement of the complex Young’s modulus and the complex Poisson’s ratio. This normally requires the application of sinusoidal excitations leading to small strain amplitudes. Since in the linear domain the effects of sinusoidal excitations are independent of each other, the material behaviour can also be obtained using a broad-band multi-frequency excitation. In this study, the complex Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of a bituminous mixture was obtained by applying a random wave axial stress to cylindrical specimens and measuring their strain response in the axial and transverse direction. The frequency response functions representing the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio were calculated using a conventional spectral analysis approach. Sinusoidal tests at different strain levels were also carried out as a reference. Applying random waves at 10, 20 and 30°C provided results with a high signal-to-noise ratio at frequencies between 0.1 Hz and 40 Hz for the Young’s modulus and between 1 and 90 Hz for Poisson’s ratio. For both functions the results validate the time-temperature superposition principle. The direct comparison with the results of sinusoidal testing confirms the accuracy of the frequency response functions measured with the random wave approach and shows their potential
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/267167

Testing the bond strength between cold bitumen emulsion composites and aggregate substrate
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Autore/i: Graziani, Andrea; Virgili, Amedeo; Cardone, Fabrizio
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Bitumen emulsion mixtures derive their mechanical properties from the cohesion provided by the bituminous mastic formed by bitumen and filler, and from its adhesion to the aggregate particles. In cold bitumen emulsion mixtures, the mastic film is produced upon emulsion breaking and the bond strength between mastic and aggregate must be evaluated considering the evolutive nature of the material, and thus the curing process. In this study, the binder bond strength (BBS) test was used to evaluate the bond strength between a bitumen emulsion, a cold mastic prepared using limestone filler and two aggregate substrates (limestone and basalt). A 2k factorial experiment was conducted also considering the influence of substrate moisture (dry and wet), curing time (24 and 72 h), curing temperature (25 and 40 °C) and moisture damage on the bond strength. The results demonstrated that, although both emulsion and mastic showed good affinity with the aggregate substrates, the adhesion bond between emulsion and basalt substrate was the most durable and that the use of a limestone filler penalised the moisture sensitivity of the systems. The BBS test was also able to show the positive effect of curing time and temperature on the bond strength.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/252906

Mechanical behaviour of cement-bitumen treated materials containing different amounts of reclaimed asphalt
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
Autore/i: Grilli, Andrea; Cardone, Fabrizio; Bocci, Edoardo
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Cold recycling techniques have become one of the main sustainable solutions in road construction and maintenance. The use of reclaimed asphalt (RA) as a constituent material for bound mixtures offers two main advantages: it eliminates problems concerning disposal and it allows natural resources to be preserved. Among the most widespread recycled mixtures, the use of cement–bitumen-treated materials (CBTM) for subbase courses has rapidly increased over the last 10 years. This paper deals with the influence of RA content on the mechanical characteristics of CBTM. Several mixtures were produced by combining different dosages of binders (cement and bituminous emulsion) and RA contents. The behaviour of recycled mixtures was evaluated and compared in terms of indirect tensile strength, water sensitivity and stiffness modulus. In addition, the effects of temperature on the stiffness properties were investigated. Experimental results showed that the RA content did not significantly affect the compactability and the strength properties of CBTM. The presence of RA determined an increase in mix deformability and thermodependence, but the effect can be inhibited by increasing cement dosage. The findings offer good prospects for increasing the use of RA and encourage administrations to employ this material as an effective construction solution.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/240453

Evaluation of bonding between reclaimed asphalt aggregate and bitumen emulsion composites
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Cardone, F.; Virgili, A.; Graziani, A.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The bond strength between bituminous binder and aggregate is fundamental to evaluate the performance and durability of cold bitumen emulsion mixtures (CBEM). The interaction developed at binder-aggregate interface is strongly dependent on the properties of aggregate, residual bitumen and emulsifiers, as well as on the environmental conditions affecting emulsion breaking. When reclaimed asphalt (RA) aggregate is used in the production of CBEM, the adhesion issue becomes more complex because the residual bitumen interacts with the aged bitumen film coating the RA aggregate surface. In this research, the binder bond strength (BBS) test was performed to evaluate the bonding between a bitumen emulsion, a cold mastic prepared using limestone filler and artificial RA substrates produced using two aggregate sources. The moisture sensitivity along with the effect of curing temperature and time on the bond strength development were also evaluated. The results showed good affinity between both cold bitumen emulsion composites and the aged bitumen film coating the RA substrate, also highlighting a reduced moisture sensitivity for most of the tested systems. Moreover, the BBS results allowed to properly discriminate the effect of curing temperature and time on bond strength between the artificial RA aggregate and the cold bitumen emulsion composites.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/259249

Experimental study of bitumen emulsion–cement mortars: mechanical behaviour and relation to mixtures
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Autore/i: Mignini, Chiara; Cardone, Fabrizio; Graziani, Andrea
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Cold bitumen emulsion mixtures are ecofriendly materials for road pavement construction. Portland cement and other supplementary cementitious materials are added to the mixtures to improve their performance. In bitumen emulsion–cement (BEC) mixtures, the two binders affect the mechanical behaviour and the curing process. In this research, BEC mixtures are considered as multiphase composite materials consisting of a mortar matrix and coarse aggregate inclusions. The main objectives are to identify the composition of BEC mortar phase and to compare mixtures and mortars throughout the curing process. Starting from two BEC mixtures containing 80% reclaimed asphalt, eighteen mortars were manufactured by changing their water and air voids content. Then, two design composition were selected to analyse the curing process by monitoring indirect tensile strength (ITS), indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) and moisture loss. Results showed that the short-term ITS of mortars (1 day of curing) increased by reducing their water and their air voids content. During curing (from 1 to 28 days), the mechanical properties (ITS and ITSM) of mixtures and mortars increased in a similar way. Unique relationships were identified between mortar and mixture properties, regardless of bitumen to cement (B/C) ratio, curing time and curing condition. In terms of predictive behaviour, the design composition slightly underestimated mixture stiffness and overestimated mixture strength.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/263585

An application of the Michaelis–Menten model to analyze the curing process of cold recycled bituminous mixtures
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
Autore/i: Graziani, Andrea; Godenzoni, Carlotta; Cardone, Fabrizio; Bocci, Edoardo; Bocci, Maurizio
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: In this paper the laboratory curing process of two types of cold recycled mixtures manufactured during the construction of an experimental pavement section along an Italian motorway was investigated. Specifically, a cement–bitumen treated material (CBTM) mixture and a cement treated material CTM) mixture, produced both on site and in laboratory, were tested. Moisture loss by evaporation (DW), indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) and indirect tensile strength (ITS) were measured in order to evaluate the curing process. The measured data were analyzed using the nonlinear Michaelis–Menten (MM) model with the aim to characterize the rate at which the mixture properties evolve over time and their values at the long-term cured state. The results showed that the adopted curing variables (DW, ITSM and ITS) gave a comparable description of the curing process, when evaporation was llowed and that the MM model gave an appropriate description of the evolutive behavior of CBTMs and CTMs. Finally, the results showed that in the initial curing stage the effect of cement hydration prevailed on that of emulsion breaking.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/246524

Mix design and volumetric analysis of hot recycled bituminous mixtures using a bio-additive
Transport Infrastructure and Systems
Autore/i: Bocci, E.; Cardone, Fabrizio; Grilli, A.
Editore: CRC Press/Balkema
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Nowadays, the use of reclaimed asphalt (RA) as a constituent material for hot asphalt concretes (AC), is gain-ing increasing interest because of the important technical and environmental advantages. In addition, the reuse of the old bitumen from the RA, allows the required amount of new bitumen to be reduced with clear eco-nomic returns. However, only a small percentage of RA can be recycled in new ACs (typically less than 30%), as the excess of oxidized aged bitumen may lead to a brittle behavior of the pavement layer. In order to avoid this issue, when high amount of RA are used, specific additives are recommended in order to restore the bi-tumen characteristics leading to a mixture with the expected mechanical properties. The present paper deals with the use of a bio-based additive (A) for the production of AC for binder layer containing high quantities of RA. In particular, the study focuses on the mix design phase, highlighting the effects of RA and A on the volumetric properties of the mixtures. The experimental program included four ACs with no RA, 40% of RA, 40% of RA and additive A, 50% RA and additive A respectively. Results showed that the optimum bitumen content decreased when decreasing RA content or when adding A. Moreover, the use of A allowed obtaining the desired volumetric properties even with a significantly lower amount of virgin bitumen to be added to the mixture without penalizing its mechanical response.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/246528

Performance of warm recycled mixtures in field trial sections
Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields - Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields, BCRRA 2017
Autore/i: Stimilli, Arianna; Frigio, Francesca; Cardone, Fabrizio; Canestrari, Francesco
Editore: CRC Press/Balkema - Taylor & Francis Group
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Over the last decade, many researchers focalized on new technologies for the production of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) at lower temperatures to significantly reduce pollutant emissions and energy costs. Among various WMA technologies currently available on the market, chemical additives demonstrated to provide suitable performance with respect to the main distresses that typically affect flexible pavements. However, so far research efforts have mainly addressed the laboratory optimization of WMAs with rare correlations with field trials. The lack of experience about in-situ behavior risks limiting the use of such technologies, especially when mixtures include both Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene modified bitumens and Reclaimed Asphalt (RA). Given this background, the paper describes the performance evaluation of full-scale trial sections built with open and dense graded recycled WMAs as part of maintenance activities of an Italian motorway. Two segments included WMA mixtures prepared with different chemical additives, whereas a third segment was constructed with hot mixtures typically adopted in pavement rehabilitation works. Volumetric and stiffness properties, rutting and cracking resistance as well as interface shear strength were investigated on in-situ cored samples. Results showed that WMAs did not compromise mixture stiffness counterbalancing stiffening effects due to the presence of RA. Such a behavior resulted beneficial in terms of fracture resistance and did not penalize the rutting aptitude. Moreover, the shear strength evaluation showed that lower lay-down temperatures of WMAs did not alter the bond between pavement layers.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/250575

Correlation Between Asphalt Mixture Stiffness Determined Through Static and Dynamic Indirect Tensile Tests
ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Autore/i: Cern, Gianluca; Bocci, Edoardo; Cardone, Fabrizio; Corradini, Alessandro
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: At present, Italian technical specifications only provide stiffness measurements in few cases, whereas they require the execution of the static indirect tensile strength test, both inmix design and in quality control phases. Despite this test is typically carried out only to determine thematerial strength, it is, however, possible to obtain a measure of the specimen stiffness properties from the stress–strain curve. The present paper deals with the correlation between asphalt concrete stiffness measurements obtained through dynamic indirect tensile tests, according to EN 12697-26, and static indirect tensile strength tests, according to EN 12697-23. In particular, data from static tests have been processed to obtain stiffness measurements through the application of Hondros’ theory or graphically from the stress–strain curve. Although based on empirical derivation, this relationship would enable the laboratories that are not equipped with a proper machine for dynamic modulus tests to estimate the stiffness properties of the bituminous material, by exclusively performing simple static tests. The experimental program included static and dynamic indirect tensile tests at 10, 20 and 30 °C on three asphalt concretes, different for binder type and compacted to two air voids contents. Results proved that good correlations (R2 values higher than 0.92) an be established between dynamic modulus and static moduli, independently from test conditions and mixture composition.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/246525

Fatigue, self-healing and thixotropy of bituminous mastics including aged modified bitumens and different filler contents
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Mazzoni, Giorgia; Stimilli, Arianna; Cardone, Fabrizio; Canestrari, Francesco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Bituminous mastic is a self-healing viscoelastic material. Recoverable phenomena, such as thixotropy and self-healing capability, are recognised as an important resource for the development of sound road pavements. The experimental investigation described in this paper and carried out through a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) provides a comparison among mastics blended with different percentages of aged polymer modified bitumen, new virgin polymer modified bitumen and filler in terms of fatigue, self-healing and thixotropy. Data analysis is based on a model adopted in previous studies for polymer modified bitumens in order to calculate the fatigue endurance limit. Results show that the presence of increasing percentages of filler causes detrimental effects on mastic fatigue performance which can be offset by the addition of a certain amount of aged polymer modified bitumen. In fact, regardless of the filler content considered, a percentage of aged polymer modified bitumen (up to 45%) added to mastics enhances the fatigue endurance limit suggesting significant benefits when dealing with sustainable recycled mixtures containing Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) aggregates.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/241798

Time–temperature superposition principle for interlayer shear strength of bituminous pavements
ROAD MATERIALS AND PAVEMENT DESIGN
Autore/i: Graziani, Andrea; Canestrari, Francesco; Cardone, Fabrizio; Ferrotti, Gilda
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Poor interlayer bonding leads to a reduction in service life of bituminous pavements, thus the identification and measurement of the parameters affecting interlayer shear strength (ISS) are becoming increasingly important. This study focuses on the effects of test temperature and interlayer deformation rate (IDR) on the ISS of double-layered asphalt concrete specimens, with the aim of comparing two different shear testing devices. Specifically, tests were performed by means of Ancona Shear Testing Research and Analysis and Leutner devices, at temperatures ranging from 5°C to 40°C and deformation rates ranging from 1 to 50 mm/min. Moreover, two interface conditions (with and without tack coat) were investigated. Experimental data showed that for both shear testing devices, higher IDR results in higher ISS, because of the time-dependent response of bituminous mixture and that the effect of IDR and temperature on ISS can be superposed allowing a master curve to be satisfactorily obtained using a three-parameter sigmoidal model.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/246527

Characterization of the three-dimensional linear viscoelastic behavior of asphalt concrete mixtures
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Graziani, Andrea; Cardone, Fabrizio; Virgili, Amedeo
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Mechanistic-empirical pavement design methods typically require the identification of the complex Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio for the characterization of bituminous layers. However, since in small deformation the frequency-dependent shear and bulk responses of an isotropic body are decoupled, the complex shear and bulk moduli are generally considered fundamental response functions. The objective of this study was to perform the experimental characterization of the three-dimensional response of asphalt mixtures in the linear viscoelastic domain, through the simultaneous measurement of the complex moduli E⁄, K⁄ and G⁄ and the complex Poisson’s ratio m⁄. The testing program consisted of cyclic compression and cyclic tension–compression uniaxial tests on cylindrical specimen, with the measurement of both axial and transverse strain. In particular, frequency sweeps were carried out at temperatures between 0, and 40 C and at axial strain levels between 15 and 60 le. Experimental results highlighted that, for the tested mixture, the time–temperature superposition principle was applicable to both the bulk and shear response, and consequently to the axial response. E⁄ and G⁄ showed very similar trends in terms of both stiffness moduli and loss angle, whereas K⁄ values highlighted smaller frequency dependence. The time–temperature superposition principle was also applicable to m⁄ whose master curves can be qualitatively described using the local approximation to the Kramers–Kronig relations. Results suggest that the simultaneous assessment of bulk and shear response may be a useful tool for the performance characterization of asphalt mixtures.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/229800

Effect of curing on the physical and mechanical properties of cold-recycled bituminous mixtures
MATERIALS & DESIGN
Autore/i: Graziani, Andrea; Godenzoni, Carlotta; Cardone, Fabrizio; Bocci, Maurizio
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Cold recycling of bituminous pavements is an effective way to reduce cost of pavement maintenance. Depending on composition, cold-recycled mixtures with a wide range of mechanical properties can be produced. However, regardless of composition, a distinctive feature of cold-recycled mixtures is the requirement for a curing period to develop the long-term mechanical properties. The main objective of this study was to characterize the curing process of cold-recycled mixtures by analysing the rate at which mixture properties evolve over time and their value in the long-term cured state. The study was focused on two mixtures with a fixed dosage of bituminous emulsion (3.3%) and two cement dosages (1% and 2.5%). Moisture loss by evaporation, ITS and ITSM were measured over time (100 days), considering two curing temperatures (25 °C and 40 °C). The evolution of such properties was modelled using two asymptotic regression models. Results showed that the Michaelis–Menten model effectively describes the evolution of material properties over time, the relation between water loss and mechanical properties and the relation between ITSM and ITS. Cement dosage had an important impact on the long-term values of material properties, whereas curing temperature mainly influenced the rate of curing.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/231142

Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Concrete Modified by Polyolefins Through Dry and Wet Process
PROCEDIA ENGINEERING
Autore/i: Cardone, Fabrizio; Frigio, Francesca; Bocci, Maurizio
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Polymer modification in road paving applications enables significant improvement in road service life as regards main distresses such as rutting, fatigue and thermal cracking. Polymer modification can be performed through a dry or wet process, and it may lead to mixtures with different mechanical properties depending on the modification process employed. In this context, this paper presents a laboratory investigation concerning the effect of a polyolefinic additive (PO) on the mechanical response of asphalt concrete produced by dry and wet process. Mechanical characterization consisted of wheel tracking tests at 40 and 60 °C for rutting resistance analysis and semi-circular bending tests at 10 °C for cracking behaviour analysis. Results showed higher rutting resistance of PO modified asphalt concretes (AC) compared to the control mixtures, but they were found to be more temperature sensitive denoting a penalized rutting response at higher temperature. PO modified ACs also showed higher fracture toughness and reduced fracture energy. In particular, the dry process seems to guarantee an ability of deformation such as better endurance of cracking propagation with respect to the mixture produced by the wet process.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/240457

Fatigue rheological characterization of polymer-modified bitumens and mastics
RILEM Bookseries - 8th International RILEM Symposium on Testing and Characterization of Sustainable & Innovative Bituminous Materials
Autore/i: Frigio, Francesca; Ferrotti, Gilda; Cardone, Fabrizio
Editore: Springer Science + Business Media
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Fatigue is one of the major distresses of flexible pavements and is mainly related to the rheological properties of the bituminous components of mixtures. In particular, bitumen and mineral filler create a blend called mastic that significantly influences the service life of asphalt pavements depending on its nature and com- position. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of different polymer types and mineral fillers on the rheological behavior of a plain bitumen. Two types of polymer (an elastomer and a plastomer) were employed to produce polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) through laboratory mixing. Moreover, two fillers characterized by a different mineralogical nature (limestone and basalt) were selected in order to obtain several mastics. The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was used to study the fatigue behavior of all materials. Experimental data show that the effect of both polymer types is similar on mastics and bitumens as the presence of the elastomer leads to an improvement in fatigue life whereas the presence of the plastomer leads to a slight decrease in fatigue performance with respect to the plain bitumen, regardless of the mineral filler type. Moreover, the stiffening effect of mineral fillers was found to be significant regardless of filler mineralogy and bitumen type leading to a decrease in fatigue life with respect to bitumens. All mastics were less sensitive to the strain level applied as compared to the corresponding bitumens.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/228644

The effect of curing on the mechanical behavior of cement-bitumen treated materials
RILEM Bookseries - 8th International RILEM Symposium on Testing and Characterization of Sustainable & Innovative Bituminous Materials
Autore/i: Godenzoni, Carlotta; Cardone, Fabrizio; Graziani, Andrea; Bocci, Maurizio
Editore: Springer Science + Business Media
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: The re-use of pavement materials is an efficient and cost-effective solution in road rehabilitation and construction activities, especially when the availability of high-quality virgin aggregates is limited. In this context, cold recycling of bituminous pavements is becoming one the of most attractive and low environmental impact techniques. The use of cold-recycled pavement mixtures requires a careful assessment of their mechanical properties, which are influenced by both compositional and environmental factors. In particular, regardless of aggregate nature, binder type and dosage, a distinctive feature of cold recycled mixtures is the requirement for a certain curing period to develop the ultimate values of strength and stiffness. In this study, the mechanical behaviour of cement-bitumen treated materials (CBTM), containing high percentage of reclaimed asphalt (RA), was evaluated considering the influence of curing time and temperature. Two CBTM containing 1.0 and 2.5 % cement and 2.0 % of fresh bituminous binder were analyzed. Cylindrical specimens were compacted using a gyratory compactor and cured at 25 and 40 °C; moisture loss and indirect tensile strength (ITS) were measured at increasing curing times. Results showed that the curing temperature and time (curing conditions) significantly affect the moisture loss by evaporation that therefore can be considered a good estimator of the curing process. Moreover, the mechanical characterization indicated that the moisture loss and the cement content control the increase in strength properties of the investigated CBTM. Results also showed that the cement content strongly affects the moisture loss in addition to assure improved mechanical behavior.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/228647

Innovative testing protocol for the evaluation of binder-reclaimed aggregate bond strength
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD
Autore/i: Canestrari, Francesco; Ferrotti, Gilda; Cardone, Fabrizio; Stimilli, Arianna
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The durability of asphalt mixtures is strongly related to the adhesion properties developed at the interface between binder and aggregates. The loss of adhesion implies a rapid deterioration (e.g. stripping, raveling) of pavement layers under traffic loads, especially when the pavement is affected by the presence of moisture. Adhesion is a complex phenomenon related to the mineralogical and morphological nature of aggregates, as well as to the chemical binder composition and the environmental conditions. Nowadays, its evaluation becomes even more complicated as an increasing percentage of Reclaimed Asphalt is used in the production of new asphalt mixes. Therefore, adhesion properties are also related to the mechanisms developed at the interface between virgin binder and aged binder that coats the Reclaimed Asphalt aggregate surface. An innovative procedure to evaluate the compatibility of the system virgin binder/Reclaimed Asphalt aggregate is proposed in this study. This procedure allows to simulate in laboratory the substrate of a Reclaimed Asphalt aggregate and can integrate the Binder Bond Strength test currently used to investigate bonding properties and water sensitivity of the system binder-virgin aggregates. Tests were conducted using different aggregate sources, several modified binders and two conditioning types (dry, wet). It was found that this procedure is able to catch the differences between different test configurations and variables. In particular, the artificial reclaimed aggregate substrate ensured higher adhesion performance compared to the virgin aggregate, especially in wet condition, regardless the modification level of the virgin bitumen adopted.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/149303

Influence of mineral fillers on the rheological response of polymer-modified bitumens and mastics
JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Autore/i: Cardone, Fabrizio; Francesca, Frigio; Ferrotti, Gilda; Canestrari, Francesco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The rheological properties of the bituminous components (bitumen and bituminous mastic) within asphalt mixtures contribute significantly to the major distresses of flexible pavements (i.e. rutting, fatigue and low temperature cracking). Asphalt mixtures are usually composed of mastic-coated aggregates rather than pure bitumen-coated aggregates. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of mineral fillers on the rheological behaviour of several polymer-modified bitumens (PMBs) through laboratory mixing. A neat bitumen and two types of polymers (elastomeric and plastomeric) were used to produce PMBs, and two fillers with different minerals (limestone and basalt) were selected to obtain mastics. The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) were used to characterize the rheological properties of PMBs and mastics. In particular, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests were performed to evaluate the rutting potential at high temperatures, whereas BBR tests were carried out to investigate the low temperature behaviour of these materials. BBR results for unmodified mastics show that the increase of stiffness is similar regardless of the filler type, whereas results for polymer-modified mastics indicate that the degree of stiffening depends on the combination of filler/polymer types. MSCR results show that adding filler leads to a reduced susceptibility of permanent deformation and an enhanced elastic response, depending on the combination of filler/polymer types. Overall results suggest that a physicalechemical interaction between the filler and bitumen occurs, and that the interaction level is highly dependent on the type of polymer modification.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/228649

Curing and temperature sensitivity of cement–bitumen treated materials
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING
Autore/i: Cardone, Fabrizio; Grilli, A.; Bocci, Maurizio; Graziani, Andrea
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: In the present study, the curing process of cement–bitumen treated materials (CBTM) was investigated by analysing the influence of cement dosage and curing temperature on moisture loss and evolution of complex modulus. Moreover, the study aimed to characterise the thermo-rheological behaviour of cured CBTM. Results showed that moisture loss by evaporation controls the increase in stiffness of the mixtures. However, excessive evaporation can hinder the full potential of the cement hydration process. Results also showed that the quantitative effects of curing time and loading frequency on stiffness can be superposed. Similar to hot-mix asphalt, CBTM showed a viscoelastic and thermo-dependent response. In particular, results suggested that at higher frequencies, the iso-thermal viscoelastic response is mainly affected by the aged binder whereas, at lower frequencies, the response of the mixtures depended mainly on the behaviour of the fresh binder
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/201504

Resilient behaviour of unbound granular materials through repeated load triaxial test: influence of the conditioning stress
ROAD MATERIALS AND PAVEMENT DESIGN
Autore/i: Cerni, G.; Corradini, A.; Pasquini, E.; Cardone, Fabrizio
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The present paper reports the results of a laboratory investigation aimed to investigate the resilient behaviour of unbound granular materials (UGMs) for pavement unbound layers under repeated triaxial loading. The first part of research was focused on the effects of stress history, in terms of loading conditioning phase and stress paths, on the resilient response of the investigated UGM. The obtained results highlighted that the samples that experienced several stress paths after an initial stress conditioning showed reduced resilient moduli as well as higher stress dependency of the resilient properties as compared with samples not subjected to any specific stress history. The second part of research aimed to evaluate the influence of the conditioning stress level on the resilient modulus. The results showed poorer resilient characteristics along the several stress paths as the selected conditioning stress increases. Whereas, a sort of “loading memory effect”, resulting in a similar mechanical behaviour, can be recognised as a similar stress state between conditioning phase and subsequent stress path is considered. The study confirms the high dependency of the resilient response of UGM on the stress condition and in particular, the main role of conditioning confining pressure on the stable mechanical behaviour of these materials is highlighted. Finally, a simplified approach that would allow the intrinsic resilient properties of UGM to be predicted for a specific combination of conditioning stresses and stress paths is proposed.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/189505

Moisture sensitivity of interlayers between conventional and porous asphalt mixes
ASPHALT PAVEMENTS - Proceedings of the International Conference on Asphalt Pavements
Autore/i: Pasquini, Emiliano; Cardone, Fabrizio; Canestrari, Francesco
Editore: Y. Richard Kim
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: The use of geocomposites obtained combining bituminous membranes with reinforcing geosynthetics represents a promising option for asphalt pavement application. Thanks to their waterproofing effect, such geocomposites could be successfully used also underneath porous surface layers as an alternative of bituminous tack coat. In this sense, one of the major issue related to the use of geocomposites at the interface between porous surface layers and binder courses is the prolonged contact with drained rainfall water. Given this background, a specific research study was carried out in order to evaluate the moisture sensitivity of interlayers positioned between traditional dense graded asphalt concretes and porous asphalt concretes. Particularly, two geocomposite materials produced combining an elastomeric membrane with a polyester textile and a fiberglass grid, respectively, were investigated along with a traditional reference interlayer obtained by applying hot polymer modified asphalt at the interface. In order to evaluate moisture sensitivity of such interlayers, shear tests were carried out in both dry and wet conditions on double- layered samples prepared in the laboratory. Experimental results showed that the prolonged action of the water did not produce loss of performances of studied interlayers in terms of interface shear strength.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/189506

Full-depth reclamation for the rehabilitation of local roads: a case study
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT ENGINEERING
Autore/i: Bocci, Maurizio; Grilli, A.; Cardone, Fabrizio; Ferrotti, Gilda
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Full-depth reclamation (FDR) techniques for pavement construction and rehabilitation have gained general recognition because of their technical, economical and environmental advantages. The use of cement–bitumen-treated material (CBTM) has rapidly increased over the last 10 years mainly in motorways. Public administrations have recognised the advantages of FDR, and this technique has also begun to be applied for the rehabilitation of local and/or rural roads. This paper shows the results from a trial section built to verify the suitability of FDR for the rehabilitation of local roads. The design planned the in situ stabilisation with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified bituminous emulsion and cement of hot mix asphalt and foundation course. The mechanical characteristics of CBTM were evaluated by means of stiffness modulus tests at different temperatures and fatigue tests. The obtained results offer good prospects for the application of FDR in the maintenance project of local roads.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/149302

Influence of polymer modification on asphalt binder dynamic and steady flow viscosities
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Cardone, Fabrizio; Ferrotti, Gilda; Frigio, Francesca; Canestrari, Francesco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Asphalt pavement performance such as rutting, crack initiation and propagation as well as fatigue behaviour are substantially affected by the rheological properties of the bitumen. In this sense, the use of polymer modification in road paving applications has been growing rapidly over the last decade as it allows significant enhancements in bitumen properties with consequent improvement in road service life. In fact, the use of polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) leads to pavements characterized by higher resistance to rutting and thermal cracking and lower fatigue damage, stripping and thermal susceptibility. This paper presents a laboratory investigation concerning the effect of polymer modification on the flow behaviour of bitumens. Two different polymers, an elastomer and a plastomer, were used as bitumen modifying agents at three different percentages (2%, 4% and 6% by bitumen weight). Oscillatory mechanical analysis as well as viscosity measurements under steady state conditions were performed taking into account different testing parameters such as temperature, loading frequency and shear rate. The results confirm that the rheological properties of PMBs are strongly influenced by polymer nature and polymer content. The bitumen viscosity on the dynamic domain was combined with that in the steady-state domain, confirming the applicability of the Cox–Merz relationship for the plain bitumen and the PMBs with low polymer content. Finally, the Cross and the Carreau models were found to be suitable to fit the steady state and the dynamic results in order to determine the viscosity function of the investigated bitumens.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/189504

Laboratory and In-Plant Validation of Hot Mix Recycling Using a Rejuvenator
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
Autore/i: Grilli, A.; Bocci, Maurizio; Cardone, Fabrizio; Conti, Carla; Giorgini, Elisabetta
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: This paper shows an experimental investigation developed in laboratory and in mix-plant for the validation of an asphalt concrete (AC) produced through the hot mix recycling (HMR) technique. A specific rejuvenator was used to improve the mechanical characteristics of the AC containing reclaimed asphalt (RA). The optimum dosage of the rejuvenator was selected on the basis of the viscosity of the bitumen recovered from RA. The AC produced with the optimum dosage of rejuvenator and 30% of RA was characterized in laboratory by means of indirect tensile strength (ITS) and indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM). The results obtained in laboratory were validated by testing the AC produced in a mix-plant. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) was used to evaluate the interaction between rejuvenator and bitumen and to check the presence of the rejuvenator to produce the AC in the mix-plant.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/125064

Influence of reclaimed asphalt on mechanical characteristics of cement-bitumen treated materials.
Proceedings of the 2th International Symposium on Asphalt Pavements & Enviroment
Autore/i: Grilli, A.; Cardone, Fabrizio; Bocci, E.
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Cold recycling techniques have become one of the main sustainable solutions in road construction and maintenance. The use of reclaimed asphalt (RA) as a constituent material for bound mixtures offers two main advantages: it eliminates problems concerning disposal and it allows natural resources to be preserved. RA must be considered a real construction material and it has to be accurately selected for any specific use. Currently, engineers and technicians are eager to exploit the use of RA in construction and maintenance planning, but the lack of a clear understanding of RA effects on the performance of the mixture requires a detailed investigation. Among the most widespread recycled mixtures, the use of cement-bitumen treated materials (CBTM) for subbase courses has rapidly increased over the last 10 years. In particular bitumen can be ntroduced in the form of foam or emulsion and the aggregate blend may contain RA. This paper deals with the influence of RA content on the mechanical characteristics of CBTM. Several mixtures were produced by combining different dosages of binders (cement and bituminous emulsion) and RA contents. The behavior of recycled mixtures was evaluated and compared in terms of indirect tensile strength, water sensitivity and stiffness modulus. In addition, the effects of temperature on the stiffness properties were investigated. The findings offer good prospects for increasing the use of RA and encourage administrations to employ this material as an effective construction solution.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/82314

Il conglomerato bituminoso di recupero come materiale da costruzione
"L'INGEGNERE UMBRO"
Autore/i: Cerni, G.; Grilli, A.; Cardone, Fabrizio
Luogo di pubblicazione: Perugia
Classificazione: 5 Altro
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/71100

Permanent deformation behaviour of unbound recycled mixture
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Cerni, G.; Cardone, Fabrizio; Bocci, Maurizio
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Nowadays, the use of recycled waste materials in road construction and rehabilitation processes aimed to preserve non-renewable resources and to solve management problems related to the expansion of landfills become a promising engineering solution. The current paper deals with the feasibility of using material from construction and demolition wastes (C&D) as aggregate for unbound layers (base and/or subbase) of road pavements. In particular, the permanent deformation behaviour of a recycled C&D mixture under repeated triaxial loading was investigated and compared with that of two natural granular mixtures selected as reference materials. An analytical model, proposed by the authors, was used to describe the long-term permanent strain accumulation of materials. The results, in addition to showing the ability of the model to predict change in mechanical behaviour depending on the different nature of materials, highlight how the C&D mixture performs better under specific stress and moisture conditions compared with traditional materials. Finally, the results obtained in this study not only provide a practical approach for ranking granular materials for pavement with regard to their rutting potential but also promote the use of C&D materials as a sustainable and effective alternative to traditional aggregates.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/82310

Characterisation of permanent deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials under repeated triaxial loading
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Cerni, G.; Cardone, Fabrizio; Virgili, Amedeo; Camilli, S.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The present paper reports the results of a laboratory experiment that aimed to investigate the permanent deformation behaviour of two unbound granular materials for road subbase layers under repeated triaxial loading. In the first part of research the shakedown concept was used to classify the mechanical response of the granular mixtures. The obtained results confirmed the potential usefulness of this theoretical approach for ranking granular materials with regard to their rutting potential. The second part was entirely dedicated to the development of an analytical model to describe the long-term permanent deformation behaviour of these materials. The proposed model allowed permanent strain accumulation as function of the number of load applications and applied stress level to be described. The results, besides being consistent with the shakedown concept, showed the ability of the model to reflect the change in mechanical behaviour due to the different nature of materials, under specific stress and moisture condition. In addition, the model allowed the permanent deformation accumulation resistance of the material to be properly investigated through specific strain rate envelope curves defined on a Mohr–Coulomb diagram. Therefore, this study could propose an innovative and practical design approach for permanent deformation behaviour assessment of unbound granular material and consequently for evaluating its suitability in the pavement in order to avoid undesirable response.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/66287

Clear Asphalt Mixture for Wearing Course in Tunnels: Experimental Application in the Province of Bolzano
PROCEDIA: SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Autore/i: Bocci, Maurizio; Grilli, A.; Cardone, Fabrizio; Virgili, Amedeo
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: A new technical and political awareness on safety driving and reduction of environmental impact have increased the use of coloured asphalt pavements in road construction. A clear asphalt mixture (CAM) for wearing courses, designed and laid down during the rehabilitation of an Italian tunnel, was subjected to the acceptance inspection, mechanical characterization and determination of photometric properties. Traditional and performance-based tests were carried out to determine the failure resistance, compactability, stiffness, abrasion resistance and water sensitivity of the CAM. Luminance and reflection properties of CAM were measured and compared with those of HMA in order to assess possible lighting benefits.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/82372

A study on the mechanical behaviour of cement–bitumen treated materials
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Bocci, Maurizio; Grilli, A.; Cardone, Fabrizio; Graziani, Andrea
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Full depth reclamation (FDR) of asphalt pavements has gained general appreciation because of its technical, economical and environmental advantages. Along with FDR, the use of cement–bitumen treated materials (CBTM) rapidly increased over the last 10 years even if the lack of well-established technical specifications and reliable in situ control procedures hinder the cost-effective use of this material. Spec- ifications for CBTM are currently based on experience and do not consider all the relevant parameters that affect the mixture behaviour. In this study the influence of curing conditions, temperature and moisture on the mechanical behaviour of CBTM is investigated. The recycled material was sampled during the FDR operations carried out on the Italian A14 motorway. The effect of curing and temperature on stiffness, and resistance to repeated loading were evaluated using cyclic indirect tensile tests. Moisture susceptibility was assessed by means of indirect tensile strength tests. Results showed a temperature-dependent behaviour of CBTM and allowed to define a simple model to predict the stiffness modulus based on curing time and temperature. In addition, the resistance to repeated loading proved to be a sig- nificant factor for the mechanical characterization of tested materials. Finally, regardless of curing conditions, the mixtures showed good moisture resistance.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/39863

Low-temperature tensile behaviour of asphalt binders: Application of loading time–temperature–conditioning time superposition principle
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Cerni, G; Cardone, Fabrizio; Colagrande, S.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Thermal cracking of bituminous layers is one of the main modes of failure for asphalt pavements. This distress is highly related to the rheological properties of asphalt binders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the low-temperature behaviour of asphalt binders by performing Direct Tension Tests (DTTs) according to Superpave specification. The DTT results were analyzed and compared in terms of trend of stress–strain curve instead of conventional failure stress or failure strain values. Through the analysis of stress–strain diagram, it was possible to evaluate the effects of temperature, elongation rate and conditioning time on the rheological properties of binders. Particular attention was paid to the conditioning time variable as it was observed that the stiffness of the binder changes with time when it is stored isothermally at low temperature due to the physical hardening phenomenon. To this end, a modified superposition effects principle, which also includes the conditioning time in addition to the temperature and elongation rate variable, has been proposed. Finally, this principle allowed the authors to find an analytical model capable of describing the rheological properties of asphalt binders as functions of the three considered test variables.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/53958

Performance evaluation of gap graded Asphalt Rubber mixtures
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Pasquini, E; Canestrari, Francesco; Cardone, Fabrizio; Santagata, F. A.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: In this research, an extensive laboratory test program was conducted in order to investigate the mechanical performance (stiffness, fatigue, permanent deformation and thermal cracking) of a gap graded Asphalt Rubber Asphalt Concrete (ARAC) establishing an important database of ARAC engineering performance. Additional tests were performed on Asphalt Rubber binder and ARAC mix in order to verify whether the new Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) can be used effectively for AR materials. Results were compared with those of reference materials tested in laboratory or found in literature.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/53959

Adhesive and cohesive properties of asphalt-aggregate systems subjected to moisture damage
ROAD MATERIALS AND PAVEMENT DESIGN
Autore/i: Canestrari, Francesco; Cardone, Fabrizio; Graziani, Andrea; Santagata, F. A.; Bahia, H. U.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The bond strength between asphalt and aggregate plays a fundamental role in evaluating the moisture sensitivity of HMA Mixtures. In this study the effect of water on adhesive and cohesive properties of asphalt-aggregate systems was investigated using a modified version of the PATTI. The device was used to measure the pull-off strength on different asphalt-aggregate combinations and to evaluate the influence of water immersion at two different temperatures. In particular, six asphalt binders were employed in combination with two aggregate types, having different asphalt affinity. The effect of the aggregate surface temperature during specimen preparation was also tested. In the first phase of the study the within-laboratory repeatability of the test procedure was investigated. The results showed the PATTI test is able to evaluate with good precision the pull-off strength and that its repeatability depends on the failure type (adhesive or cohesive). In the second phase of the study a full factorial experiment was employed to verify the reliability of the test for routine use in determining the adhesive and cohesive properties of asphalt-aggregate combinations and the effects of moisture damage. The results showed that, in the dry condition, the test was able to measure the internal cohesion of the asphalt binders. The results also showed the effects of water damage on the pull-off strength and the decisive role of asphalt-aggregate affinity was clearly highlighted. Using wet conditioning of the PATTI samples it was proven that water affects the adhesive bond between asphalt and aggregate much more than the asphalt cohesion. Moreover, the results indicate that aggregate temperature during sample preparation has only a limited effect on the adhesive strength.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/50188

An Experimental investigation on unbound mixtures containing recycled materials
The Sixth International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements and Technological Control
Autore/i: Santagata, Felice Ausilio; Cardone, Fabrizio; V., Pannunzio; Graziani, Andrea
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Conservation of resources, preservation of the environment and the increasing problems connected with the management of landfills are the main issues which developed countries have to deal with. Nowadays, the recycling of waste materials is the most suitable method in road maintenance and rehabilitation. In this context, the present research work focuses on mechanical investigations in order to evaluate the reliability of using waste materials in unbound base and/or subbase layers. In particular C&D and RAP were selected as recycled materials and compared with traditional dense – graded aggregate base coarse. Different recycled blends containing different percentage of C&D and RAP were considered in order to evaluate the effects of the nature and quantity of demolition debris on the bearing capacity of unbound road layers. To that end, a mechanical characterization based on the evaluation of design parameters such as Resilient Modulus and CBR were performed. The experimental results showed that C&D and RAP materials are a sustainable and effective alternative to traditional aggregates for base construction.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/52635

Modified PATTI test for the characterization of adhesion and cohesion properties of asphalt binders
The Sixth International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements and Technological Control
Autore/i: Santagata, F. A.; Cardone, Fabrizio; Canestrari, Francesco; Bahia, H. U.
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: It is well known that aggregate-asphalt bond is of fundamental importance for mechanical response and moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. Many researchers have studied moisture effects on the binder adhesion-disbonding properties and their role in defining asphalt mixture performance, but a suitable system to measure binder adhesive properties to aggregates directly is not available yet. This paper includes a study to modify the Pneumatic Adhesion Tensile Testing Instrument (PATTI), which is a standard method used for paints or coatings. The modification is aimed at developing a reliable and practical test protocol for directly evaluating the adhesion/cohesion properties of asphalt binders. To achieve this goal, different asphalt binders and several test variables were varied to study their influence on pulloff strength. The analysis of the results collected indicates that the modified PATTI test protocol show high promise for evaluating adhesive bond strength and moisture susceptibility of asphalt binders. Moreover, the test appears to be simple and practical to allow discriminating different asphalt binders with different adhesion characteristics.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/53662

Evaluation of Runway Bearing Capacity: In-Situ Measurements and Laboratory Tests
Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields
Autore/i: Graziani, Andrea; Barbati, S.; Cardone, Fabrizio; Santagata, E.
Editore: Erol Tutumluer & Imad Al-Qadi
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: This paper describes the structural evaluation procedure for the new runway pavement of the Ancona Airport in Italy. As part of a major rehabilitation project, 520 m of runway were fully reconstructed along the “keel” section. The new pavement was constructed on a lime-stabilized subgrade. The base course had a lower cement stabilized layer and an upper hot mix asphalt layer. Modified binder was employed in all bituminous mixes, including the SMA wearing course. An extensive experimental program was carried out as part of the construction control activities. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP), static and light-weight dynamic plate tests were performed to estimate subgrade and foundation stiffness. Global pavement response was evaluated using deflection testing (HWD). A laboratory test program was completed to carefully assess physical and mechanical characteristics of pavement materials. In particular stiffness and fatigue properties of the asphalt layers were evaluated both on cores and laboratory compacted specimens. The analytical evaluation of the pavement strength was carried out using effective material properties for modulus and fatigue. Results were compared with calculations based on conventional FAA criteria. The study confirmed that an enhanced behavior of asphalt mixes, related to the use of modified binder, can be anticipated.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/53620

An Evaluation of Use of Synthetic Waxes in Warm Mix Asphalt
Advanced Testing and Characterization of Bituminous Materials
Autore/i: Cardone, Fabrizio; Pannunzio, V; Virgili, Amedeo; Barbati, S.
Editore: CRC PRESS - Taylor & Francis Group
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: The preservation and protection of both natural and workspace environment are two of the main objectives that also concern the field of road engineering. As such, there is an ever increasing use of new pro-environmental techniques and materials. One of these innovative processes includes warm mix asphalt (WMA). Such asphalt mixtures, compared with traditional hot mix asphalt (HMA), need lower mixing and compaction temperatures, allowing lower CO2 and fume emission, reducing energy consumption and operative benefits. In this context the present experimental study was conducted to evaluate the workability and mechanical performance of WMA by adding synthetic waxes. Three different asphalt mixtures were selected, the first was a traditional mix, as reference material, while the other were two mixes modified with synthetic long carbon chain wax. The experimental investigation consisted of a compaction grade study by different laboratory compaction techniques and of dynamic tests to evaluate the mechanical response of WMA compared to HMA.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/53756

Rehabilitation of an Italian Highway by Cold In-Place Recycling Techniques
Advanced Testing and Characterization of Bituminous Materials
Autore/i: Bocci, Maurizio; A., Grilli; Cardone, Fabrizio; Santagata, Felice Ausilio
Editore: CRC PRESS - Taylor & Francis Group
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: ABSTRACT: In Cold In-Place Recycling (CIR), emulsion and foamed bitumen have currently used as the most common binders. However, there is a need to better understand the mechanical performance of these stabilized mixtures. This paper shows the results obtained from two trial sections in order to optimize the rehabilitation process of an Italian highway through CIR techniques for a subbase layer. The trial sections were built through two different stabilization techniques: cement-foamed bitumen and cement-emulsion treatment. Both applications considered recycled mixtures of 50% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and 50% cementitious and granular milled materials, combining different contents of cement and bituminous binder. The experimental program provided the mechanical characterization in laboratory and in-situ. The result analysis allowed to evaluate and compare mechanical performance of stabilized-recycled materials and to highlight the practical application of the two stabilization techniques.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/53625

Correlation between binder and bituminous mixture fatigue behaviour
Proceedings of the 4° International Congress SIIV “Advances in Transport Infrastructures and Stakeholders Expectations”
Autore/i: Cardone, Fabrizio; Cerni, G; Colagrande, S; Virgili, Amedeo
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/52587

Verifica strutturale di pavimentazioni stradali in cubetti di pietra eseguita con analisi FEM
STRADE & AUTOSTRADE
Autore/i: Colagrande, S; Cerni, G; Cardone, Fabrizio
Editore: EDI-CEM, Milano
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/36427

Rheological Characterization of Asphalt Binders Fatigue Resistance
10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
Autore/i: Bocci, Maurizio; G., Cerni; E., Santagata; Cardone, Fabrizio
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Fatigue cracking of bituminous layers is the most common mode of failure for flexible pavements. This distress is mainly related to the rheological properties of asphalt binders. The purpose of this work is to investigate the fatigue behaviour of asphalt binders using cyclic shear tests. Tests are carried out both in the stress and strain controlled mode, using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The study focuses on the evaluation of different binders, and also considers the influence of temperature. Results show that the complex modulus and its fundamental components are useful parameters to understand the damage evolution in the material. Data elaboration allows fatigue characterization by means of conventional fatigue curves based on stiffness loss and dissipated energy. Through the analysis of these curves it is also possible to show and quantify the increasing fatigue resistance due to the addition of polymers in the binder.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/53542

Proposta di catalogo di pavimentazioni stradali in cubetti di pietra in ambito urbano
Atti del 16° Convegno Nazionale SIIV “Manutenzione ed adeguamento delle strade esistenti”
Autore/i: G., Cerni; S., Colagrande; Cardone, Fabrizio; Virgili, Amedeo
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/52061

Analisi del degrado di conglomerati bituminosi sottoposti a prova di fatica a trazione diretta
Atti del 16° Convegno Nazionale SIIV “Manutenzione ed adeguamento delle strade esistenti”
Autore/i: Cardone, Fabrizio; Bocci, Maurizio; Cerni, G.
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/47966

Valutazione dell’efficacia di un additivo antiossidante per la riduzione dei fenomeni di invecchiamento a lungo termine dei conglomerati bituminosi
16° CONGRESSO NAZIONALE SIIV
Autore/i: Bocci, Maurizio; Cardone, Fabrizio; G., Cerni; A., Grilli
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/51649

Performance analysis of mixtures produced using foamed bitumen
3rd SIIV International Conference
Autore/i: Bocci, Maurizio; Cardone, Fabrizio; G., Cerni; Virgili, Amedeo
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/53815

Indagine sperimentale sulle possibilità di impiego stradale dei materiali provenienti dalle attività di recupero dei rifiuti di costruzione e demolizione di opere civili
Atti del 9° Congresso Ecomondo “Fiera Internazionale del Recupero di Materia ed Energia e dello Sviluppo Sostenibile”
Autore/i: Cardone, Fabrizio; Cerni, G; Conversini, P.
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/46476

The Use of Residual Muds Obtained by the Production of Tiles in Road Embankments
Atti del 4° International Congress VARIREI “Valorization and recycling of industrial waste”
Autore/i: Cardone, Fabrizio; G., Cerni; S., Colagrande; Virgili, Amedeo
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/47964

Caratterizzazione dei bitumi stradali alle basse temperature con il Direct Tension Device
STRADE & AUTOSTRADE
Autore/i: Canestrari, Francesco; Cardone, Fabrizio; E., Santagata; F. A., Santagata; Virgili, Amedeo
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/51346

La tecnica della simulazione statistica applicata allo studio teorico ed alla progettazione delle intersezioni stradali
Autore/i: Virgili, Amedeo; G., Cerni; Cardone, Fabrizio; Graziani, Andrea
Classificazione: 5 Altro
Abstract: Atti del CIRS, Centro Sperimentale Interuniversitario di Ricerca Stradale, Gennaio 2003.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/71099

Impiego dei materiali di riciclo nella confezione dei misti cementati
Atti del 12° Convegno Nazionale SIIV “Riqualificazione Funzionale e Sicurezza del Sistema Viario: Materiali nella sovrastruttura stradale"
Autore/i: Bocci, Maurizio; Cardone, Fabrizio; Colagrande, S.
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/47963