340 pubblicazioni classificate nel seguente modo:

Slow Onset Disasters: Linking Urban Built Environment and User-oriented Strategies to Assess and Mitigate Multiple Risks
SPRINGERBRIEFS IN APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Autore/i: Salvalai, Graziano; Quagliarini, Enrico; Blanco Cadena, Juan Diego; Bernardini, Gabriele
Editore: Springer
Luogo di pubblicazione: Cham
Classificazione: 3 Libro
Abstract: The book provides an overview of the Slow Onset Disasters (SLOD) in the urban built environment discussing potential strategies to assess and mitigate multiple climate change related risks. Climate change evidence has been reported in the last decades, suggesting that the anthropogenic activities are accelerating these changes towards a warmer and more polluted environment. In this context, SLODs have been linked to climate change related disasters and have been stated to have a higher impact risk within dense built environment (BE). Therefore, the book presents a description of the most relevant SLODs, their significance, and confluence, the way in which scientists and entities are monitoring their progression at different scales, a structured risk assessment strategy and the deconstruction of the BE characteristics that make it more prone to SLODs risk. In addition, it highlights the necessity of adapting the traditional risk assessment methods, to account for different vulnerability types, including the morphology and materiality of the BE, and the BE users’ characteristics. In fact, individual features influence users’ responses and tolerance to environmental stressors, because of age, health, gender, habits, and behaviour, thus impacting the users’ vulnerability. Exposure can then amplify these issues, since it defines the number of users that can be effectively affected by the SLOD. Starting from this perspective, the book first traces literature-based correlations between individual features, use behaviour, and individual response to the SLOD-altered open spaces. Then, a novel methodology, to quantify the variations of users’ vulnerability and exposure, is offered, to support designers in quickly defining input scenarios for risk assessment and mitigation. Lastly, it demonstrates, through a case study, the SLOD risk assessment framework proposed and the evaluation of the efficacy of risk mitigation strategies.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/327455

Coupled Multi-risk Mitigation in Historical Urban Outdoor Built Environment: Preliminary Strategies Evaluation Through Typological Scenarios
Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. SAHC 2023
Autore/i: Bernardini, Gabriele; D’Orazio, Marco; Quagliarini, Enrico
Editore: Springer
Luogo di pubblicazione: Cham
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: Outdoor Built Environment (BE), such as squares, are paramount scenarios in historic cities. They attract many users that can be affected by both Slow and Sudden onset disasters, depending on the combination of possible hazards, BE modification in view of the BE morphological and constructive features, and the users’ vulnerability and exposure. The coupling of sudden and slow-onset disasters represents a critical but not remote situation. This work hence provides an approach to assess coupled multi-risk in historical outdoor BE by using behavioural simulation methods and to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. The simulation model is based on a probabilistic, multi-agent and cellular automata approach, developed in a slow-to-sudden events perspective. Heatwaves (as a slow onset disaster) affect the initial users’ position in the outdoor BE in view of outdoor temperature. Then, a terrorist act (as a sudden onset disaster) appears, thus making users evacuate from the outdoor BE. The application involves relevant typological conditions of outdoor BE to trace rapid and generalisable overviews of emergency impacts that can be then verified in specific case-studies. The slow-to-sudden events approach is applied to different BE typologies characterized by different climate conditions for hazards, terrorist attacks, and mitigation strategies. Simulation analysis mainly concerns evacuation to focus on quick events faced by users. Results demonstrate the approach capabilities in comparing coupled multi-risks conditions depending on BE configurations. The approach can outline quick solutions in the considered typological BE, and can be applied to real-world scenarios to “tailor” strategies on effective BE conditions.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/321272

Behavioural-based risk of the Built Environment: Key Performance Indicators for Sudden-Onset Disaster in urban open spaces
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Autore/i: D'Amico, Alessandro; Sparvoli, Gessica; Bernardini, Gabriele; Bruno, Silvana; Fatiguso, Fabio; Currà, Edoardo; Quagliarini, Enrico
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The assessment of risk in the Built Environment (BE) involves understanding the inseparable relationship between the physical space and its users. In emergency management, particularly during Sudden-Onset Disasters (SUODs), effective evacuation is crucial for individuals’ resilience in BE. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) offer a quantitative approach to risk assessment, facilitating a systematic evaluation of various risks within BE. The research focuses on seismic events and terrorist acts as relevant SUODs and proposes KPIs derived from literature-based indicators to assess the impact of construction and morphological features of Built Environment Typologies (BETs) and user-related factors on urban open space risk (behaviors, exposure, vulnerability). These KPIs are then applied to established BETs, that are archetypes from real-world configurations of urban open spaces, and tested through seismic and terrorist risk scenarios along with emergency simulations. Results indicate significant variations among BETs, emphasizing the importance of factors, such as geometry (static KPIs) and evacuation behaviour (dynamic KPIs) in determining risk levels. Evacuation route length and complexity emerge as critical in larger BETs, while insufficient safe areas pose challenges in smaller ones. This KPI-based approach is recognized as a crucial step toward establishing a comprehensive metric for risk assessment in BE open spaces, with potential real-world applications to quantify the efficacy of risk mitigation measures. The results demonstrate the KPIs potential in quantifying disaster risks and user behaviours, representing a crucial step towards an overarching metric for BE-risk assessment during SUODs in open spaces.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/327311

Assessing the spatiotemporal impact of users’ exposure and vulnerability to flood risk in urban built environments
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
Autore/i: Bernardini, G.; Ferreira, T. M.; Baquedano Julia, P.; Ramirez Eudave, R.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Flood risk in an urban built environment depends on the combination of the hazard, the vulnerability of the built environment itself and its infrastructure (referred to as physical vulnerability), and the exposure and vulnerability of the people residing, working or visiting it (i.e., their human condition). However, factors affecting those people vary over space and time depending on the uses of the built environment. This research offers a methodology for combined spatiotemporal flood risk assessment, providing hourly variations in risks due to hazard, physical vulnerability, users’ exposure, and vulnerability. A mesoscale approach is adopted by collecting and managing data for each open space in the urban layout (e.g., street, square) and the facing buildings. In particular, users’ exposure and vulnerability are investigated for indoor and outdoor uses and their temporalities, providing hourly distributions of users’ density, age, familiarity with the built environment, and direct exposure to the floodwaters. Then, the Analytical Hierarchy process is used to combine risk factors. Finally, the application to a case study application (an urban district in Guimarães, Portugal) demonstrates how users’ factors alter the risk over the day within the same mesoscale element and considers different elements which share the same hazard and physical vulnerability.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/324551

Optimizing Shelters and Evacuation Paths Against Flood in Historic Urban Built Environments
Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. SAHC 2023
Autore/i: Romano, Guido; Marinelli, Fabrizio; Bernardini, Gabriele; Quagliarini, Enrico
Editore: Springer
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: When floods occur, pedestrians may be forced to evacuate the risk areas, and the presence of emergency plans is fundamental to reduce fatalities. Historic Urban Built Environments (HUBEs) in flood-prone territories are critical scenarios because of complex and compact layouts, poor implementation of risk-mitigation strategies, and attractiveness for tourists unfamiliar with the spaces. This work provides a novel risk-based methodology to determine the optimal evacuation solution by varying the approach for the path choice, and the number of available shelters in the HUBE. First, an Integer Linear Program is defined to consider different pedestrians’ approaches to the path choice (i.e.: minimizing the path length, time, effort). Then, to select the best overall evacuation solution, a synthetic Risk Index RI is developed based on Key Performance Indicators that jointly consider aspects concerning the urban layout, the event intensity, and the human motion. The application scenario is a typological HUBE with narrow streets perpendicular to each other and a square close to a river, and the pedestrians’ motion conditions depend on the hydrodynamic conditions generated by a real-world flood within the HUBE. Results identify the minimum number of shelters to guarantee the minimum RI, the optimal shelter positions depending on the path choice approach, and the best evacuation paths from each position of the HUBE. Results offer first insights on where/how to install wayfinding systems and urban furniture and could represent a first step toward the development of tools for the communication of real-time risk update.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/321271

Coupled Multi-risk Mitigation in Historical Urban Outdoor Built Environment: Preliminary Strategies Evaluation Through Typological Scenarios
Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. SAHC 2023
Autore/i: Bernardini, Gabriele; D’Orazio, Marco; Quagliarini, Enrico
Editore: Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Outdoor Built Environment (BE), such as squares, are paramount scenarios in historic cities. They attract many users that can be affected by both Slow and Sudden onset disasters, depending on the combination of possible hazards, BE modification in view of the BE morphological and constructive features, and the users’ vulnerability and exposure. The coupling of sudden and slow-onset disasters represents a critical but not remote situation. This work hence provides an approach to assess coupled multi-risk in historical outdoor BE by using behavioural simulation methods and to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. The simulation model is based on a probabilistic, multi-agent and cellular automata approach, developed in a slow-to-sudden events perspective. Heatwaves (as a slow onset disaster) affect the initial users’ position in the outdoor BE in view of outdoor temperature. Then, a terrorist act (as a sudden onset disaster) appears, thus making users evacuate from the outdoor BE. The application involves relevant typological conditions of outdoor BE to trace rapid and generalisable overviews of emergency impacts that can be then verified in specific case-studies. The slow-to-sudden events approach is applied to different BE typologies characterized by different climate conditions for hazards, terrorist attacks, and mitigation strate-gies. Simulation analysis mainly concerns evacuation to focus on quick events faced by users. Results demonstrate the approach capabilities in comparing coupled multi-risks conditions depending on BE configurations. The approach can outline quick solutions in the considered typological BE, and can be applied to real-world scenarios to “tailor” strategies on effective BE conditions.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/326251

Valutazione (behavioural design-based) multirischio di ambienti costruiti urbani e delle strategie di mitigazione: il caso delle piazze storiche
Colloqui.AT.e 2023 - In Transizione: s!de e opportunit{\`{a}} per l'ambiente costruito
Autore/i: Bernardini, Gabriele; Quagliarini, Enrico; D'Orazio, Marco
Editore: Edicom
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: The urban Built Environment (BE) is prone to several risks. Slow onset disasters (e.g. temperature increase) raise slowly, widely affect daily BE fruition by its users, and can lead to critical conditions for them. Sudden onset disasters (e.g. terrorist acts, earthquakes) quickly affect the BE, causing direct damage to it and its users, and also the necessity to perform evacuation to restore safety levels. Slow and sudden onset disasters can also appear in a coupled manner, and their impact can be mainly noticed in public open spaces, such as squares, and historical scenarios, where relevant users’ exposure and vulnerability are combined with critical BE physical vulnerabilities. Multirisk assessment mitigation should hence rely on a behavioural-design approach, pursued at analysing users’ emergency response through simulation. Quick methodologies are also needed, and they can take advantage of typological BE and risk conditions while tracing rapid intervention criteria to be “tailored” in specific case-studies. This work defines a behavioural-design approach to assess multirisk and verify the impact of mitigation strategies in squares. In the proposed simulation logic, a slow-onset disaster (heatwaves) influences the initial users’ distribution in the square and then a specific sudden-onset disaster (a terrorist act, or an earthquake) is considered. The approach capability demonstration is provided by an application to a relevant typological historic square (hosting a special building) based on the analysis of real-world squares in the Italian context. Several sudden events (in terms of terrorist attacks, and seismic damages) are simulated, and two layouts (pre-mitigation versus mitigated) are also tested. Decision-makers could take advantage of the proposed approach and simulation tool for risk assessment and strategies effectiveness evaluation also in real-world scenarios.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/325154

Greenery as a mitigation strategy to urban heat and air pollution: a comparative simulation-based study in a densely built environment
TEMA
Autore/i: Salvalai, Graziano; Blanco Cadena, Juan Diego; Quagliarini, Enrico
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/325153

Microwave reflection method for moisture assessment for architectural heritage conservation: first results on the case study of church of S. Pietro in Valle (Fano, Italy)
RESTAURO ARCHEOLOGICO
Autore/i: Monni, Francesco; Gianangeli, Andrea; Quagliarini, Enrico; D’Orazio, Marco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/325591

Managing people’s flows in cultural heritage to face pandemics: identification and evaluation of combined measures in an Italian arena
TEMA
Autore/i: D'Orazio, Marco; Bernardini, Gabriele; Quagliarini, Enrico
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The management of people’s health and safety in cultural buildings has been drastically changed in view of the COVID-19 pandemic. The combined effects of crowding levels and people’s flows are now associated not only with emergency conditions (i.e., evacuation) but also with ordinary fruition issues, given the possible spreading of the virus. Cultural buildings, particularly cultural heritage, are critical scenarios for emergency and fruition issues because of their specific geometric and technical features. They suffered from COVID-19 restrictions mainly due to physical distancing measures. Protocols have been developed during the last two years to manage pandemics in such contexts, and the increasing number of vaccinated people is also pushing toward a full return to pre-pandemic rules. However, they should be carefully evaluated and tailored depending on cultural heritage conditions. This work identifies and evaluates combined measures to manage people’s flows (access, movement, queue) depending on boundary conditions at the overall (building capacity) and individual levels (face mask; vaccinated/recovered; “green pass”). The effectiveness evaluation is performed by using a simulation model that jointly represents the virus spreading and the people’s flow. An Italian historical arena is selected as a significant case study. Results show that a higher occupants’ number can multiply the contagion spreading. Still, a more significant impact on its limitation can be achieved by controlling infectors’ access (supporting body temperature control with rapid tests) and occupants’ movement during queues and pauses. The methodology can help decision-makers to balance a proper combined application of management measures.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/323231

Murature storiche nella regione Marche. Specificità costruttive e caratterizzazione meccanica sperimentale
Culture costruttive per il recupero sostenibile
Autore/i: Quagliarini, Enrico; Pace, Giuseppe; Romano, Guido
Editore: edicom edizioni
Classificazione: 3 Libro
Abstract: La caratterizzazione meccanica delle murature, insieme a un’adeguata conoscenza delle tipologie costruttive, sono presupposti fondamentali per una corretta valutazione della sicurezza degli edifici storici nei confronti delle azioni verticali e sismiche. La grande varietà di materiali, tecniche e costruzioni, presenti nel territorio nazionale, può tuttavia essere fonte d’incertezza non trascurabile, come riconosciuto dagli stessi regolamenti attualmente in vigore. Le NTC18 ed annessa Circolare n. 7/2019, affermano infatti che «Le Regioni potranno, tenendo conto delle specificità costruttive del proprio territorio, definire zone omogenee a cui riferirsi a tal fine», da affiancare quindi ai valori indicativi, e «non vincolanti», da esse proposti. In questo volume gli autori vogliono fornire una prima risposta a questa esigenza, attraverso una rassegna di tipologie e casi studio presenti nella regione Marche e di una successiva analisi critica dei risultati di oltre 400 prove realizzate in situ o presenti in letteratura per la caratterizzazione meccanica.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/325973

Local masonry typologies still unregulated by the Italian Building Code: how to behave? The case of the stone-and-brick mixed masonry in the Marche Region
Colloqui.AT.e 2023 - In Transition: challenges and opportunities for the build heritage - Book of Abstract
Autore/i: Romano, Guido; Quagliarini, Enrico; Pace, Giuseppe; Renzi, Matteo
Editore: EdicomEdizioni
Luogo di pubblicazione: Monfalcone (Gorizia)
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: The safety assessment of existing masonry buildings cannot ignore the correct mechanical characterization of in situ materials. However, this is still a major source of uncertainty due to executive, economic, and conservation issues, that often make difficult the execution of tests and surveys, especially for buildings of historical and cultural significance. In addition to this, in territories characterized by a great variety of materials, techniques, and textures such as Italy, regulamentations and manuals not always offer provisions on certain typologies. To cope with these needs, some previous works introduced innovative methodologies for the numerical estimation of the mechanical parameters of historic masonry walls through qualitative assessment based on visual surveys (i.e., the Masonry Quality Index MQI developed in 2000 by the University of Perugia, Italy). Within this framework, this research aims at roviding first insights about the mechanical characterization of a specific masonry typology, yet still unregulated by the Italian Building Code (NTC18 and CSLLPP n.7/2019), that is the stone-and-brick mixed one. In particular, compressive strength and elastic modulus data have been collected by distinguishing in-situ (sample: 21 double flat-jack tests on 12 different masonry panels) and qualitative measurements (sample: 10 different masonry panels evaluated through MQI) for comparison purposes. All the sampled masonry panels are unreinforced and located in the Marche Region, but the results obtained can be interesting for the entire Italian scene as this specific typology is widespread throughout the national territory. Results reveal a slight discrepancy for the compressive strength data, as the range traced by the in-situ measurements is comparable to the minimum range relating to the MQI method. Conversely, the elastic modulus range obtained from in-situ measurements has such a high dispersion as to compromise an effective comparison with the MQI ranges.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/325776

Application of digital image correlation to compression tests on tuff masonry panels strengthened by textile reinforced mortar
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASONRY RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
Autore/i: Maracchini, G; Chiappini, G; Donnini, J; Quagliarini, E; Corinaldesi, V; Lenci, S
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Digital image correlation (DIC) is a contactless full-field optical technique for measuring displacements that can be potentially used in place of more common linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) to avoid instrumentation damage during destructive tests. However, despite being already adopted in several fields, its potentialities in testing full-scale masonry walls strengthened with textile reinforcing mortar (TRM) have not been fully investigated yet. In this paper, the results obtained by applying a stereo-DIC technique to compression tests of unstrengthened and TRM-strengthened tuff masonry walls (1.0 x 1.2 x 0.25 m(3)) are reported. Results showed that the presence of helical steel bars used to connect the two TRM layers caused crack localisation to the masonry wall, leading to a reduction of compression strength. Compared with the results obtained with LVDTs, the DIC technique was able to accurately monitor tridimensional displacements and cracking pattern evolution. The potentialities and limits of this technique are finally highlighted.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/320491

Users' vulnerability and exposure in Public Open Spaces (squares): A novel way for accounting them in multi-risk scenarios
CITIES
Autore/i: Quagliarini, E.; Bernardini, G.; Romano, G.; D'Orazio, M.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Public Open Spaces (POSs) such as streets and squares, in our cities are characterized by spatio-temporal variations of users' vulnerability and exposure in view of the hosted social, governmental, religious, and commercial functions. Single or multi-risks conditions in POSs can hence vary over time. This work proposes a methodology to perform local-scale analyses on use patterns in real-world POSs, pursuing a quick-to-apply approach based on remote analysis tools and easy-to-apply surveys, to be also used by non-expert technicians. Main literature-based factors concerning users' vulnerability/exposure and methods for their collection are identified. Rules to define typological (that is recurring) scenarios are provided through specific key performance indicators relating to overall POS use and daily/hourly temporalities. The methodology capabilities are preliminary assessed through a sample of 56 squares in historic Italian cities, considering working days and holidays. Results trace the overall typological characterization of the squares sample adopting a “robust-to-outliers” approach, and provide bases for expeditious assessment of users' vulnerability and exposure scenarios. The typological scenarios can be then used to support rapid risk assessment actions in POSs by safety designers and local authority technicians, and employed as input in simulation-based analyses to include the users' features in the related evaluations.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/310647

A non-immersive virtual reality serious game application for flood safety training
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Autore/i: D'Amico, Alessandro; Bernardini, Gabriele; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Quagliarini, Enrico
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Various methodologies and technologies have been developed and tested to train communities for natural hazards and investigate human behaviour. The combination of Virtual Reality (VR) and Serious Games (SG) represents a promising solution to expose communities to different hazardous scenarios in a totally safe way and without exposing the testers to any real risks. Previous studies tested VR SG for several different natural hazards and safety training scenarios, but only a few applications have been proposed within the context of flood safety training. Furthermore, comprehensive prototyping works aimed at evaluating VR SG applications in terms of knowledge acquisition, self-efficacy and user experience, are still needed. This work proposes a novel non-immersive VR SG in the context of users' safety in the event of flooding in the urban built environment, pursuing the users' safety training. The proposed application is based on several modules, which can be combined to form different storylines and training objectives. The VR SG capabilities are demonstrated here by firstly considering one significant storyline. Results show a significant increase in self-efficacy and safety knowledge after the VR experience, thus suggesting the possibility to exploit it for increasing users’ awareness and preparedness. Furthermore, results also demonstrate the existence of similarities between real-world behaviours and VR choices by the tested individuals, thus suggesting how an application of this kind could also be used to support the development and validation of flood evacuation simulators.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/320672

A Rapid Survey Form for Users’ Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment in Risk-Prone Built Environments
Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2022 . SEB 2022. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Autore/i: Quagliarini, Enrico; Romano, Guido; Bernardini, Gabriele; D’Orazio, Marco
Editore: Springer
Luogo di pubblicazione: Singapore
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: The sustainable transition to resilient cities is linked to the evaluation of their citizens’ habits. Understanding the Built Environment (BE) use is fundamental to plan effective risk-mitigation strategies, and users’ features and behaviors deeply affect the way BEs are used. Recent studies are moving toward the definition of typological (idealized) scenarios—namely Built Environment Typologies (BETs)—for simulation-based analyses aimed at the assessment of real-life BEs safety and resilience. Rapid surveys are available to collect data on typological features and hazards/physical vulnerability factors, but not to adequately assess BEs users’ vulnerability and exposure to single/multi natural and human-related risks, and their spatiotemporal variability. Within this framework, this work aims at providing an expeditious survey form to quantify, collect and represent such data. The form is based on remote analyses for rapid evaluations of critical hourly/daily users-related conditions. Among BEs/BETs, the attention is here focused on squares, which represent meeting spaces par excellence and host main functions for communities. A real-world square (Piazza Duomo in Reggio Calabria, Italy) is selected for the form application because of its geomorphological and riskiness characterization in correlation with its previously defined BET type. Results are assessed through Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) resuming daily trends according to the users’ age, position and familiarity with outdoor and indoor areas. Promoted in the BE S2ECURe Italian Research Project, the form can also support safety planners and local administrations in simulation-based assessment and risk-mitigation strategies development.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/310648

Characterization and future perspectives of Virtual Reality Evacuation Drills for safe built environments: A Systematic Literature Review
SAFETY SCIENCE
Autore/i: Gagliardi, E.; Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.; Schumacher, M.; Calvaresi, D.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Physical evacuation drills are pre-planned activities to train building occupants in facing emergencies and evaluate safety performances. Nowadays, technologies including Virtual Reality (VR) and Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) are shifting from the physical to the virtual paradigm. AR enables just to extend real-world environment, while VR and IVR allow to (re)create and manipulate digital environments. VR and IVR simulation systems have been observed to guarantee higher involvement and long-term information retention — leveraging more attractive experiences and psychological arousal. However, efforts should be provided to improve end-user training while assessing occupants’ behaviors and the effectiveness of the emergency plan. This paper proposes a systematic literature review of VR and IVR evacuation solutions. To support and guide such effort, we formulated thirteen structured research questions investigating scenarios, recipients, requirements, objectives, methods, and technologies. The results mainly show that VR and IVR drills almost entirely tackle a single hazard, considers occupants as sole system recipients, and lack systems formalization. Among the most relevant outcomes, the paper analyzes the need for enhancing the modeling of emergency systems (e.g., signage, alarms), user inclusiveness (i.e., impaired individuals), devices, non-player characters, and additional effects (e.g., heat reproduction, sounds, and smells). These measures can improve the level of realism experienced by the user of IVR simulators and pave the way to more reliable outcomes.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/313228

Boosting urban community resilience to multi-hazard scenarios in open spaces: a Virtual Reality – Serious Game training prototype for heat wave protection and earthquake response
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
Autore/i: De Fino, Mariella; Tavolare, Riccardo; Bernardini, Gabriele; Quagliarini, Enrico; Fatiguso, Fabio
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: A key role in making cities resilient has been acknowledged in raising risk preparedness and awareness of urban communities, by appropriate education and communication strategies, which should rely on innovative and pervasive tools. In this regard, an outstanding paradigm shift is driven by the advancement of Virtual Reality, which can take advantage of Serious Games, for helping individuals develop responsive behaviours in case of both slow and sudden disasters and, thus, boosting effective human-urban-building interaction within a wider process of safety and sustainability. To this end, the paper proposes a VR-SGs training prototype for multi-hazard scenarios in urban open spaces. The prototype integrates results from phenomenological and behavioural analyses and is applied to representative typologies of the built environment. The prototype is demonstrated for heat wave protection and earthquake response through the design and implementation of its functional features – virtual environment, interaction mode, learning outcomes and storyline – and its informative contents, including simulation-based data on surface temperatures, extent of falling debris and crowd motion. The final goal is to validate a reliable and flexible tool in view of wide replication in urban contexts for both instructing on critical situations and communicating mitigation strategies.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/320671

Mitigating Multi-risks in the Historical Built Environment: A Multi-strategy Adaptive Approach
Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2022 . SEB 2022. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Autore/i: Rosso, Federica; Bernabei, Letizia; Bernardini, Gabriele; Cadena, Juan Diego Blanco; Russo, Martina; D’Amico, Alessandro; Salvalai, Graziano; Currà, Edoardo; Quagliarini, Enrico; Mochi, Giovanni
Editore: Springer
Luogo di pubblicazione: Singapore
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: The built environment is subject to complex combinations of cascading disasters, sudden onset disasters (SUODs), such as earthquakes, or slow onset disasters (SLODs), such as pollution and heat islands. They can cause harm to people and destroy the built environment. Moreover, the historical built environment (HBE) possesses typical characteristics that increase the risks, for two main reasons: the HBE construction features, which are vulnerable to SUODs and SLODs; the disruption of the cultural heritage, which is part of the HBE. To preserve the HBE, suitable strategies to adapt to increasingly frequent SUODs and SLODs should be considered in a multi-risk, multi-strategy perspective, as some of them are able to mitigate more than one risk simultaneously. Therefore, the contribution of this article is to propose a multi-strategy approach for mitigating multi-risks in the HBE, by means of (i) the definition of Built Environment Typologies (BETs), which are clustered to represent typical HBEs, and (ii) a critical overview of the literature and expert judgement, which is used to hypothesize strategies’ combinations on peculiar BETs. Another original contribution is the focus on the open spaces portion of the HBE. Indeed, they are often overlooked, while they constitute a crucial portion of the HBE, where there is high exposure to risk, as open spaces are among the most used spaces, and are affected not only by their characteristics but also by those of their frontiers. The findings of this work contribute to frame multi-risk multi-strategies approaches for the HBE, towards adaptive and resilient HBEs.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/310649

H-BET Historic Built Environment Typologies. Open spaces and SUOD events in the compact historic town
VITRUVIO
Autore/i: Curra, E.; D'Amico, A.; Russo, M.; Angelosanti, M.; Cui, C. L.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The relationships between the Built Environment (BE) and SUdden-Onset Disasters (SUOD) are increasingly the focus of hazard mitigation investigation. Specifically, in the Historic Built Environment (HBE), defined as the network of buildings, infrastructure, and open spaces of the compact historic city, recent and past events have shown the need for an elevation of the resilience of the resident community. Previous studies by the author’s research team have objectified the characterisation of HBEs prone to SUODs. What emerged was the primary importance of open spaces in the Built Environment as elements to be characterised with respect to possible emergency phases and BE user behaviour. Specifically, the Historic Built Environment Typologies (H-BETs) can help to evaluate user behaviour during and after the event. Focusing on the role of the classification of the open spaces, the paper presents the H-BETs and their potential role in the multi-risk assessment of the compact historic town. The specific risk conditions of the urban areas (e.g., crowding, the complexity of the overall form of BEs, characteristics of built elements, uses of BEs), and the physical characteristics of historic urban BE (e.g., the height of the built fronts, number, and type of accesses, the slope of the ground) are considered together in order to propose a classification of different type of open spaces, starting from morphological classes towards the definition of a complete typological categorisation, representative of the urban system’s variables that interact with the identified SUOD hazards.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/314890

Investigating pedestrian behavioral patterns under different floodwater conditions: A video analysis on real flood evacuations
SAFETY SCIENCE
Autore/i: Quagliarini, E.; Romano, G.; Bernardini, G.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Understanding how people behave during emergencies is fundamental to improve their safety. In the case of flood evacuation, people have to deal with built environments extremely modified by the floodwaters and that hence influences human-environment interactions both from a qualitative and quantitative standpoint. In this sense, the observation of real events is fundamental to define behavioral patterns and their relation to floodwater conditions. To this end, in this work, we analyzed 139 videotapes of recent real-world flood evacuations in outdoor Built Environments involving about 1000 people all over the World (the largest set analyzed so far). The frequencies of behavioral patterns are associated with water depth (measured with respect to ankles, knees, and waist), flow (i.e., still or flowing), and evacuation phase in which they are observed (that is before, during, and after the evacuation). Specific factors like voluntariness, human response, and presence of reference elements in the flooded built environment are also considered. Frequent by-literature behaviors have been considered, and new-noticed ones have been assessed. Results unveil that the most frequent floodwater conditions and thresholds to trigger each behavior concern waters between the ankles and the waist, thus excluding slight and extreme interactions with floodwater. The retrieved behavioral patterns could be employed to develop and validate behavioral models for flood evacuation simulators, and to create critical scenarios for people’s training. Furthermore, they trace quick insights to help safety planners in the design of risk-reduction measures also considering local and/or temporary risks due to the floodwater conditions.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/311727

How Could Increasing Temperature Scenarios Alter the Risk of Terrorist Acts in Different Historical Squares? A Simulation-Based Approach in Typological Italian Squares
HERITAGE
Autore/i: Quagliarini, Enrico; Bernardini, Gabriele; D’Orazio, Marco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: first_pagesettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle How Could Increasing Temperature Scenarios Alter the Risk of Terrorist Acts in Different Historical Squares? A Simulation-Based Approach in Typological Italian Squares by Enrico QuagliariniORCID,Gabriele Bernardini *ORCID andMarco D’OrazioORCID DICEA, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Heritage 2023, 6(7), 5151-5186; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6070274 (registering DOI) Received: 30 May 2023 / Revised: 26 June 2023 / Accepted: 3 July 2023 / Published: 6 July 2023 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Protection of Cultural Heritage from Natural and Manmade Hazards) Download Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract Squares in the urban historical built environment are public open spaces prone to the risk of terrorist acts, essentially because they are ideal soft targets and attract significant user densities. Risk assessment methods should consider how users behave in them, both before and during an accident (i.e., the evacuation process). In addition to squares’ morphology and layout, and considering that urban areas are more and more prone to the effects of increasing temperatures, outdoor climate conditions can alter the initial scenario. In fact, such conditions can lead users to gather in specific outdoor areas, where they can look for shadows and shelter. This work hence proposes a simulation-based approach to assess how differences in users’ behaviours in response to increasing temperatures and squares’ morphology can alter the risk of terrorist acts in an emergency evacuation. An agent-based model is developed to simulate the interactions between users, hazards and the historical built environment. The work considers four typological squares prone to terrorist acts since they host a special building attracting users in front of it. These squares are derived from the analysis of Italian historical contexts within the BE S2ECURe project. Users are generated in the public open space (thus, before the terrorist act) depending on the intended uses of the square and on the outdoor temperature, which is affected by the square’s morphology. Three different users’ behaviours are modelled to consider (or not) the effects of the outdoor temperature on users’ thermal acceptability levels in an increasing temperature situation. Then, two evacuation scenarios are simulated: (a) a general evacuation process, without attackers, as the baseline for the risk assessment; and (b) an armed assault with cold weapons, to define one of the most probable attack situations in open spaces. Evacuation performance indicators are developed to assess users’ risk. Preliminary verifications demonstrate the capabilities of the approach. The results show that higher differences in evacuation indicators are noticed in large and asymmetric squares, since their conditions highly affect the variability of users’ behaviours in response to increasing temperatures. At the same time, stronger safety behaviours in response to increasing temperatures could reduce emergency issues because they allow users to be more dispersed and initially placed farther from the attack area. Decision-makers could take advantage of the proposed approach and simulation tool, moving towards an effectiveness analysis of solutions to increase the thermal comfort of users in respect of the risk levels during an evacuation. Finally, applications to real-world scenarios are thus encouraged to compare such idealized results with effective conditions.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/318971

Can active and passive wayfinding systems support fire evacuation in buildings? Insights from a virtual reality-based experiment
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
Autore/i: Bernardini, Gabriele; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Quagliarini, Enrico; D'Orazio, Marco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Occupant safety in case of building fires depends on the selection of proper evacuation routes. Today, several passive and active Emergency Wayfinding Systems (EWSs) have been proposed to support occupant route choices. Nevertheless, their effectiveness should be accurately assessed before being manufactured and used. In this sense, Virtual Reality (VR) could support the design and preliminary evaluation phases, using the Theory of Affordances to quantitatively verify if the EWSs are correctly visible, understood, and able to support users in fulfilling the evacuation goal. This work hence aims at comparing the efficiency of different EWSs in terms of the Theory of Affordances through a VR experiment involving more than 70 volunteers of different ages. The experimental setup focuses on three types of EWSs (punctual and photoluminescent; passive, continuous and photoluminescent; continuous and active) and lights-on, lights-off and smoke conditions in an educational building. Results mainly indicate that the passive EWSs receive a higher rating while supporting the direction selection, while the active EWS is more effective along mono-directional paths. The work also confirms the capabilities of the proposed combined affordances-based and VR-based approach, boosting future works and suggesting additional comparisons between real-world and VR experiments on emergency wayfinding tasks and systems.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/316128

Novel Sustainable Masonry from Ancient Construction Techniques by Reusing Waste Modern Tiles
SUSTAINABILITY
Autore/i: Quagliarini, Enrico; Carosi, Marta; Lenci, Stefano
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The recycling and reuse of wastes, especially Construction Waste (CW), is a fundamental way for sustainability. The act of reusing is not a modern practice; as early as in Ancient Rome and even more during the Middle Ages, materials were already being taken from existing buildings in order to reuse them in different ways. Starting from these general considerations and taking inspiration from specific construction techniques found in some Roman and Romanesque masonries made by unbroken tiles and tile fragments, two novel sustainable masonry constructive techniques are proposed here. They are composed of modern U-shaped tiles and their fragments so as to use CW. Monotonic and cyclic compression tests were performed so as to determine their main mechanical characteristics, such as compressive strength, Young's modulus, and failure mode, and a first attempt at establishing their possible use in the construction sector is sought. A comparison with the literature values from other constructive techniques with similar values was also performed. It results that both the wall typologies showed satisfactory mechanical properties (i.e., compressive strengths are in the range of 1.28 divided by 2.27 MPa), provided that their use is restricted for constructions of moderate dimensions.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/327935

Determining behavioural-based risk to SLODs of urban public open spaces: Key performance indicators definition and application on established built environment typological scenarios
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
Autore/i: Blanco Cadena, J. D.; Salvalai, G.; Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: A behavioural-based approach can be used to assess how users’ reactions to surrounding environmental conditions can alter the urban Built Environment (BE) risk to Slow Onset Disasters (SLODs). Public Open Spaces (POSs) in the BE are relevant scenarios, due to micro-climate-related stress, users’ vulnerabilities (e.g., age, health frailty) and exposure time. Simulation methods can support behavioural-based risk-assessment, but results are generally site-specific. Performing analysis on BE Typologies (BETs) can improve robustness, since BETs represent archetypes from real-world scenarios. This work adopts a behavioural-based approach to evaluate time-dependant users’ risks of POSs in different BETs due to SLODs-related stress (i.e., heat, air pollution). UTCI and AQI values are mapped within each BET. Users’ distributions are then calculated depending on thermal acceptability correlations. Key Performance Indicators are developed associating users’ distribution to SLODs effects on health (i.e., sweat rate, water loss; health affection rate probability). The approach is applied to Italian BETs, under one relevant climate, rating their heat and air pollution risks. Results suggest critical conditions for toddlers. In detail, about 2-hour high heat exposure could result in dehydration, while 1-hour exposure to low NO2 concentration could result in +1% mortality probability. This approach could potentially support decision-makers on BE risk-assessment.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/315250

BIM-Based Workflow for Managing Multi-risk Factors of Open Spaces in Historical Built Environment
KES International Conference on Sustainability and Energy in Buildings, SEB 2022
Autore/i: Angelosanti, M.; Russo, M.; D'Amico, A.; Pugnaletto, M.; Paolini, C.; Quagliarini, E.; Curra, E.
Editore: springer nature
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: The problem of the Historical Built Environment (HBE) and risk factors representation in the Building Information Modelling (BIM)-based model is a debated topic in literature. The complex and variety of geometry and features of existing buildings and urban open spaces (OSs) raise the issue of their representation, both in terms of geometric model and information details. In the recent literature, much attention is given to the organization of workflow from the survey and data acquisition phase to the implementation phase, but most of them are focusing on single buildings or small aggregates. Moreover, there is a lack of studies that focuses on the mesoscale representation and its relationship with multi-risk assessments in BIM-based models, which include buildings, infrastructures, and Open Spaces (OSs). Considering the interoperability for the information exchange, the authors develop a specific workflow to support the setting up of integrated surveys, the related BIM models, and its risk factors parametrization to create a multi-hazard scenario. Parameters implementation in Revit BIM software and the opportunity to develop an interoperable standard are introduced and discussed.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/314889

Influence of the rain on algae growth on building facades. A predictive model based on neural networks
BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
Autore/i: D'Orazio, M.; Quagliarini, E.; Gianangeli, A.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Rain affects the building envelope's durability, increasing the amount of water available on the surfaces due to the wind pressure. Water can activate and accelerate chemical and biological processes causing algae and cyanobacteria growth. The velocity of this process depends on several parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity (RH%), surface characteristics (i.e. roughness, porosity) and water availability on the building surfaces considering that algae and cyanobacteria fall into a latent state without water. Wind plays a significant role: it can push the rain against the facades, wetting them and increasing the growth speed. This paper analyzes the impact of rain on algae growth on building facades, considering wind influence, through a neural network (NN). Experimental data collected imposing different combinations of temperature, RH% and water availability on the surface, also due to rain and WDR, of 5 different porous materials (bricks) were used to train and test the NN. The NN was tested showing an accuracy of 82% (r-squared) in predicting algae growth concerning experimental data, based on the imposed parameters: wind speed, wind direction; air temperature; RH%; surface characteristics (porosity, roughness). Three different UE locations, characteristics of different Koppen-Geiger climates, and four different exposures for each location were selected. The application of the trained NN in different climates, considering different orientations, demonstrates that WDR is the main factor affecting microalgae growth. WDR can increase by more than two times the area covered by algae in a year, depending on the climate and the orientation.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/324751

A survey form for the characterization of the historical built environment prone to multi-risks
TEMA
Autore/i: D'Amico, Alessandro; Russo, Martina; Bernabei, Letizia; Angelosanti, Marco; Cantatore, Elena; Bernardini, Gabriele; Fatiguso, Fabio; Salvalai, Graziano; Mochi, Giovanni; Quagliarini, Enrico; Currà, Edoardo
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The historical built environment (HBE) is constantly prone to many risks causing sudden (e.g., earthquakes and terrorist attacks) or slow (e.g., climate change-related and environmental pollution) onset of emergency conditions. Morphological, physical, and constructive characteristics are critically linked to system vulnerability and users’ exposure. In particular, open spaces (OSs) in the HBE represent typical attractors for the community in urban areas for leisure and touristic purposes and critical scenarios in case of a disaster. In fact, besides daily and hourly temporalities in everyday use, OSs also play a pivotal role in the immediate disaster response phases, considering sudden-onset events. Understanding which scenarios characterize OSs is critical to evaluate them from a multi-risk perspective and to propose effective mitigation strategies in multiple critical situations. To this end, this work offers a survey form template of the OS within the HBE according to a holistic but quick-to-apply approach. Placed in the context of the Project of Relevant National Interest (PRIN) BE S2ECURe, the survey form assesses the relationships between frontier elements and those contained in the OSs, focusing on literature-based identification of vulnerability, exposure, and hazard factors affecting risk. These factors are organized into five sections as the basis for classification criteria of OSs: (1) morpho-typological, (2) geometrical-spatial, (3) constructive, (4) use, and (5) context. The application to eight case studies contributes to the validation of the survey, showing its ability to trace both the level of complexity and the main characteristics of the analyzed scenario. Furthermore, the survey form can be properly and quickly applied by non-specialized technicians, such as local authorities, thus representing the first step to support planners in data collection and risk assessment of historical OSs.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/299672

Riaprire gli spazi della cultura. Valutare l'efficacia dei protocolli di sicurezza COVID-19
ANANKE
Autore/i: Bernardini, Gabriele; D'Orazio, Marco; Quagliarini, Enrico
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/311767

SCENARI MULTI-RISCHIO NELLE PIAZZE DEI CENTRI STORICI: CARATTERIZZAZIONE TIPOLOGICA DEI FATTORI SPAZIO-TEMPORALI LEGATI AGLI UTENTI
Colloqui.AT.e 2022 - Memoria e Innovazione
Autore/i: Romano, Guido; Bernardini, Gabriele; D'Orazio, Marco; Quagliarini, Enrico
Editore: Edicom edizioni
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Squares are open spaces of considerable importance in the urban built environment, often hosting functions of social and community importance. In historical centres, these attractive features are added to constructive/morpho-typological factors of outdoor areas and facing buildings, implying more complex contexts for users. Moreover, users’ numbers and types (e.g. in terms of age and familiarity with the built environment) vary over time according to the built environment fruition, thus dynamically affecting the risk in case of an emergency because of variations in exposure and individual vulnerability. Deriving typological trends exposure and individual vulnerability at hourly and daily scales can support single and multi-risk assessment and mitigation tasks because it can help safety designers in detecting recurring and critical conditions of use of the square. This work proposes a quick method to this end, based on the identification, through remote and open-access tools and repositories, of areas and functions of the square, both indoors and outdoors, and so of exposure and individual vulnerability issues. Significant users’ types are identified, by characterizing their position, number, and main features hourly, in working days and holidays, without considering mass gatherings inducing overcrowding. The method is then applied to a sample of 56 squares of Italian historic centres, to derive typological trends for the whole sample by quantifying, for the first time: users’ outdoor densities; ratio between users unfamiliar and familiar with the built environment; users’ percentage depending on their position (indoor/ outdoor); users’ percentage depending on their age. Results on the application sample point out morning hours as the most critical scenarios for exposure and individual vulnerability, especially on working days. Afternoon hours are critical too in holidays, in view of the social importance of the squares for leisure mainly affecting users’ density. Thus, these conditions represent priority scenarios in a multi-risk perspective, to be faced with more detailed evaluations, also by using emergency simulators.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/309001

IDENTIFICAZIONE DEI PARAMETRI MORFO-TIPOLOGICI E COSTRUTTIVI RILEVANTI PER LA RESILIENZA AL MULTI-RISCHIO E DEFINIZIONE DELLE BETS: TIPOLOGIE DI AMBIENTE COSTRUITO
Colloqui.AT.e 2022 - Memoria e Innovazione
Autore/i: Bernabei, Letizia; Rosso, Federica; Russo, Martina; D'Amico, Alessandro; Angelosanti, Marco; Bernardini, Gabriele; Currà, Edoardo; Quagliarini, Enrico; Mochi, Giovanni
Editore: Edicom edizioni
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: The Historical Built Environment (HBE) is subject to growing stresses, deriving from both climate-change related challenges and geo-morphological hazards. Slow-Onset Disasters (SLODs) and Sudden-Onset Disasters (SUODs), strike the HBE gradually (SLODs) and suddenly (SUODs), sometimes at the same time or in rapid succession. The HBE itself is vulnerable to these disasters, due to its intrinsic morphological, typological and construction features. Moreover, the exposure of inhabitants and tourists to the disaster aggravates the risk. Therefore, an effective evaluation of the vulnerability to multi-risks of the HBE and its nodal component, the square, would allow a higher consciousness of the risk and the planning of suitable mitigation actions. While the risk evaluation of the historical buildings has been conducted numerous times in literature, the squares have not been widely considered yet. Therefore, this research proposes a novel methdology for favoring the risk assessment of squares in the HBE, by identifying and testing suitable quantitative parameters for delineating the vulnerability to risk of the square. The parameters are tested on a relevant and significant context, the italian one, due to the recurring SLODs and SUODs and the presence of numerous HBEs hosting cultural heritage. The parameters are then employed to further deepen the investigation, by defining archetype built environment typologies (BETs) in the italian HBE. The BETs have been identified based on a cluster analysis, and represent a useful mean for expeditious assessment of vulnerability and for possible future employment for testing resilience strategies.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/309002

MULTI-RISK MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING BUILT ENVIRONMENT RESILIENCE THROUGH A QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Colloqui.AT.e 2022 - Memoria e Innovazione. Memory and innovation
Autore/i: Salvalai, Graziano; Blanco Cadena Juan, Diego; Isacco, Ilaria; Mochi, Giovanni; Rosso, Federica; Bernabei, Letizia; Bernardini, Gabriele; Quagliarini, Enrico
Editore: Edicom edizioni
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Nowadays SUOD (SUdden-Onset Disasters) and SLOD (SLow-Onset Disasters) events are responsible for a significant share of documented accidental fatalities. Regardless of their timescale, or their unfolding time, both the type of risks are expected to increase due to the growth of population in urban areas, increasing the exposure to risk; nevertheless, they can be mitigated by undertaking strategic interventions on the built environment, to reduce its vulnerability to risks. In fact, the European Commission demands from, and offers funds to each Member State to contrast risks by implementing available mitigation measures. The purpose of this work is therefore to collect, structure and compare the available risk mitigation strategies for SLOD and SUOD events, considering their combined benefits, for moving towards a multi-risk-resilient Built Environment (BE). To this end, it also integrates literature review gaps by identifying three main leading groups of strategies: morphological factors, physical-material/construction factors, and dedicated systems for promoting conscious users’ and managers’ behaviors (including evacuation and emergency planning). Therefore, the contribution of this article is to frame the possible strategies for facing multi-risks and unveil their combined potential in mitigating more than one risk with one common mitigation strategy. Finally, the article hypothesizes the exemplificative application of the illustrated strategies on specific Built Environment Typologies (BETs) subject to specific risks and multi-risks combinations. This work is intended to serve as a preliminary risk mitigation portfolio of effective strategies for interested stakeholder, including designers and the public administration.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/309003

Pedestrian Single and Multi-Risk Assessment to SLODs in Urban Built Environment: A Mesoscale Approach
SUSTAINABILITY
Autore/i: Salvalai, G.; Blanco Cadena, J. D.; Sparvoli, G.; Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Pedestrians are increasingly exposed to slow-onset disasters (SLODs), such as air pollution and increasing temperatures in urban built environments (BEs). Pedestrians also face risks that arise from the combination of the BE features, the effects of SLODs on the microclimate, their own characteristics (e.g., health and ability), and the way they move and behave in indoor and outdoor BE areas. Thus, the effectiveness of sustainable risk-mitigation solutions for the health of the exposed pedestrians should be defined by considering the overlapping of such factors in critical operational scenarios in which such emergency conditions can appear. This work provides an innovative method to define a BE-oriented pedestrian risk index through a dynamic meso-scale approach that considers the daily variation of risk conditions. The method is ensured by a quick-to-apply approach, which also takes advantage of open-source repositories and tools to collect and manage input data, without the need for time-consuming in situ surveys. The resulting risk conditions are represented through meso-scale maps, which highlight the risk differences between BEs by focusing on their open spaces as fundamental parts of the urban road network. The method is applied to a significant case study (in Milan, Italy). The results demonstrate the ability of the approach to identify key input scenarios for risk assessment and mapping. The proposed methodology can: (1) provide insights for simulation activities in critical BE conditions, thanks to the identification of critical daily conditions for each of the factors and for single and multiple risks and (2) support the development of design and regeneration strategies in SLOD-prone urban BEs, as well as the identification of priority areas in the urban BE.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/307361

Leaving or Sheltering? a Simulation-Based Comparison of Flood Evacuation Strategies in Urban Built Environments
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Autore/i: Quagliarini, E.; Romano, G.; Bernardini, G.; D'Orazio, M.
Editore: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: When sudden-onset disasters occur in the urban Built Environment (BE), people must quickly leave the dangerous areas to reach safety. Floods in urban BEs surely represent a critical emergency, especially considering users who cannot evacuate upstairs, such as those placed outdoor. Management strategies focused on the evacuation planning could increase the users’ safety in a flexible but effective manner. This study compares two evacuation strategies in typological BEs through a simulation-based methodology based on the evacuation process analysis. The first strategy considers that users leave the BE, thus moving away from the source of danger flood. The second strategy adopts gathering areas positioned where the risk is lower, thus sheltering-in-place for the BE users. These strategies are tested considering fluvial flood conditions in four typological BEs, characterized by different layout in terms of streets and squares positions. The simulation-based methodology represents pedestrian evacuation under the two considered strategies depending on the hydrodynamic conditions of the BEs. Comparisons between evacuation time, flows, path length and the users’ risk depending on floodwater conditions (in terms of depth and speed) are provided. Results show that sheltering strategies can increase the users’ safety in each typological BEs, and mainly in case of the proximity between the square and the river. For instance, the users’ risk is generally reduced up to − 70%. These findings suggest that effective interventions should be designed to support the users toward “sheltering” areas, by increasing they awareness on the evacuation plan, and implementing wayfinding signs and raised platforms in the BE.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/292670

Modelling microalgae biofouling on porous buildings materials: a novel approach
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Autore/i: Quagliarini, E; Gregorini, B; D'Orazio, M
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: A correct assessment of microalgae growth on porous building materials (i.e.: fired bricks, sandstones and limestones) can provide a useful tool for researchers and practitioners. In fact, it may help predicting the biofouling damage extension and it can assist the experts in a correct planning of maintenance interventions to limit costs. The literature regarding such issue outlined the Avrami's model as the most recurrent one, even considering the influence of biocidal treatments on the substrate. However, it seems to have some limitations when the growth is very fast or, conversely, when the latency time is extended over the time. Therefore, a different modelling approach is here proposed, by using the logistic function (extensively used i.e. in population growth). Results reveal that the logistic function seems to succeed in better modelling the available experimental data. Moreover, it seems to overcome the limits of the Avrami's model, as well as to be less influenced by the main drivers of microalgae growth, such as porosity and roughness of the substrate, biocides treatments and environmental conditions (temperature).
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/314748

Factors influencing the intrinsic seismic risk of open spaces in existing built environments: A systematic review
SUSTAINABILITY
Autore/i: Russo, M.; Angelosanti, M.; Bernardini, G.; Severi, L.; Quagliarini, E.; Curra, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Open spaces (OSs), such as streets, squares, and green areas, in existing built environments (BEs) are key places in disaster risk management. The seismic risk in the OSs is strictly related to BE characteristics. Scientific literature mainly focuses on extrinsic factors affecting risk, which are related to BE elements on the OSs frontier (e.g., buildings) that could cause indirect effects on the OSs. Conversely, just a few risk assessment studies consider intrinsic factors, which are related to OS elements that could suffer direct effects. Moreover, synoptic studies on such factors are still missing. Through literature‐based research, the paper identifies specific factors influencing seismic risk in the OSs, focusing notably on intrinsic vulnerability. The literature review methodology includes both a systematic review from Scopus databases and a traditional bibliographic search using snowball analysis. According to the final selected papers, risk factors are classified into five categories of OS characteristics: morpho‐typology; physical; construction; use and users; and context. Statistical analysis of the categories’ recurrence in the final papers firstly allows current literature gaps to be defined. The results also provide a preliminary OSs risk index weighting each category in terms of such recurrences, thus representing a first useful step to support non‐expert stakeholders in a preliminary assessment of priorities to define the seismic risk of Oss.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/298759

Simplified flood evacuation simulation in outdoor built environments. Preliminary comparison between setup-based generic software and custom simulator
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
Autore/i: Quagliarini, Enrico; Bernardini, Gabriele; Romano, Guido; D'Orazio, Marco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Floods are among the most destructive sudden-onset disasters affecting worldwide communities and society. Pedestrians can be forced to evacuate affected areas thus being exposed to multiple risks. Outdoor built environment flood risks analyses should be performed through rapid, easy, and sustainable tools to speed up and support risk assessment and mitigations. Custom evacuation simulators have been developed, but are generally used in research, are not user-friendly, and need high-level training. On the contrary, generic (e.g. commercial) software tools seem to be more suitable for low-trained technicians but should be modified to include human behaviors effects, especially considering the evacuation, when people's peculiar choices depend on interactions with floodwaters and built environment layout/composing elements. This work provides preliminary setups of a generic software tool to perform quick and sustainable assessments of pedestrians’ flood safety in outdoor spaces, using an easy-to-apply no-code modification approach to include flood peculiar behaviors. Simulation outputs of the setup-based generic software are compared with a custom simulator relying on the same modelling approach, and with real-world observations, using an idealized literature-based outdoor scenario. Results provide the best setup of the generic software to reliably represent evacuation phenomena, thus encouraging its future application also by local authorities.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/298061

Urban morphology parameters towards multi-risk scenarios for squares in the historical centers: Analyses and definition of square typologies and application to the Italian context
JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Autore/i: Rosso, F; Bernabei, L; Bernardini, G; Russo, M; Angelosanti, M; Curra, E; Quagliarini, E; Mochi, G
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The historical built environment (HBE) in urban areas is prone to disasters, which threaten both people and the historical built heritage itself. In such a scenario, risks depend on the combination between dif-ferent possible (multi-) hazards (including climate change-related ones), the vulnerability and exposure of HBE users, and the physical (morphology-, typology-and construction-related) features of the HBE. In this context, squares are relevant components of the HBE from a meso-scale perspective, which is based on the layout and morphology of open spaces, buildings blocks and their users. Squares host cultural her-itage and attract users, both tourists and citizens. Moreover, squares are nodal points for the emergency path network and are crucial and significantly affected during the immediate aftermath of the disaster occurrence (e.g. by debris on the ground in the case of seismic hazard during the evacuation phase). Current approaches for risk assessment and mitigation entail the consideration of each specific square, but this approach is time-consuming, scattered between the different hazards and complex to apply to a multi-risk perspective. Therefore, this work provides a methodology to identify and classify the most relevant physical features of squares in the HBE, which are able to improve or worsen the performance of the HBEs to multi-risks from multi-hazard scenarios. The research is rooted in the existing literature and strengthened by experts' judgement analyses. The proposed methodology synthesizes the considered relevant features of the squares in the HBE into quantitative parameters, which allow to verify the vulner-ability to multi-risk of the squares. Such parameters are further organized into classes for the typological assessment of the multi-risk. To test and detail the parameters, the method is tested on a relevant case study, which is the Italian context. Indeed, such a case study is relevant not only for being subject to multi-risks (e.g., seismic, terrorist, heatwave and air pollution), but also because the vast majority of the urban areas are composed by HBEs and hosts cultural heritage sites. Moreover, in this context, squares have not only an environmental, but also a social and economic importance in the HBE and are thus par-ticularly relevant. Then, in the relevant case study of Italy, further detailing and calibration of the defined classes of the relevant parameters, as well as their ranges, are tested on 133 squares, which cover the entire Italian territory. Results demonstrate that the identified classes and ranges of the parameters are suitable for describing historical squares by arranging them into typologies for multi-risks assessment. Al-though the parameters are here presented for the Italian context, they are of general value and could be tested in other contexts, by calibrating the ranges as illustrated for the specific considered sample. Thus, the outcomes of this work allow moving towards the classification of squares into built environment ty-pologies according to the meso-scale perspective, provide the bases for and promoting the application of expeditious approaches to multi-risk assessment in the HBE.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/314512

European Cities Prone to Terrorist Threats: Phenomenological Analysis of Historical Events towards Risk Matrices and an Early Parameterization of Urban Built Environment Outdoor Areas
SUSTAINABILITY
Autore/i: Cantatore, E.; Quagliarini, E.; Fatiguso, F.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Among other risks, contemporary cities are exposed to terrorism. In addition to being sensitive targets, recent events in Europe have underlined the relevance of public open spaces (squares, streets, etc.) as particularly defenseless parts of Urban Built Environments (UBEs). Despite the fact that previous theoretical studies about radicalism have highlighted the “regional” dimension of the threat, the assessment of terroristic risk is still related to American guidelines. This creates new research scenarios for European UBEs and associated Outdoor Areas (UBEOAs). Thus, this paper provides two correlated main goals. The first is the phenomenological analysis of terrorist threats in European UBEs, starting from the events catalogued in the Global Terrorism Database. Specifically, the matrix of risk is assessed by combining (i) the main urban Environmental Classes (ECs) and their sub-classes, referred to as Outdoor Areas (OutECs), and (ii) the Attack Types (ATs) in order to determine the most efficient and recurrent combination of attack methods and targets (AT-EC and AT-OutEC). Then, the paper identifies the parameters influencing the terroristic risk of the most recurrent and efficient attacks identified in European UBEOAs, starting from (i) the analysis of inherent features of the European phenomenon, (ii) previous experiences in the literature and (iii) the permitted strategies and guidelines in European States. The main results are related to the relevance of Armed Assault and Bombing/Explosion Ats and Open Areas with the presence of public and strategic/symbolic buildings (ECs), while an interesting point of discussion is represented by physical obstacles.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/314888

Towards a Multi-risk Assessment of Open Spaces and Its Users: A Rapid Survey Form to Collect and Manage Risk Factors
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Autore/i: Angelosanti, M.; Bernabei, L.; Russo, M.; D'Amico, A.; Cantatore, E.; Bernardini, G.; Fatiguso, F.; Salvalai, G.; Mochi, G.; Quagliarini, E.; Curra, E.
Editore: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: The Built Environment (BE) with its users is increasingly prone to SUdden-Onset Disasters (SUODs), such as earthquakes and terrorist attacks, and SLow-Onset Disasters (SLODs), such as those related to pollutions and heatwaves. In this regard, historical centers represent vulnerable contexts due to their morphological complexity, construction peculiarities, and user-related characteristics. Therefore, risk assessment studies emphasize the importance of characterizing the BE from a holistic perspective to identify risk factors that interfere with disaster response. In particular, Open Spaces (OSs) (e.g., streets, squares) play a key role in increasing the overall BE resilience as elements that ensure the safety of BE users in emergency phases. This research is aimed at providing a quick OSs survey form to collect and manage the main risk factors according to a multi-risk approach. The form focuses on the critical users-BE interactions due to the OSs modifications during disasters and has been applied to 8 case studies in Italian historical city centers. Results show how the form can assess the OSs complexity and trace the main morphological, constructive, use-related, and context risk factors affecting the safety of OSs and their users. Promoted in the context of the Italian research project (PRIN) BE S2ECURe, the research succeeds in defining a quick methodology for risk factors collection, which can also support planners and local administrations in promoting effective mitigation strategies.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/292669

Merging Heat Stress Hazard and Crowding Features to Frame Risk Scenarios Within the Urban Built Environment
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Autore/i: Cadena, J. D. B.; Salvalai, G.; Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.
Editore: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Risk assessment for SLow Onset Disasters (SLODs) in the built environment combine the hazard features, and its effects on the built environment itself, with users’ exposure and vulnerability, including behavioral issues. Although different methods exist for identifying the main SLODs drivers and their trend over time and space, limited information is found to set up significant risk scenarios by effectively merging hazard and crowding’ features. Hence, this research is aimed at testing a methodology to create relevant risk scenarios for a single SLOD type, in the urban built environment. The work focuses on heat stress because of its growing incidence trend in urban areas. The methodology is applied to a neighborhood portion in Milan, Italy, which is a significant urban scenario for the considered SLOD. Through the application of quick and remote data collection methodologies, preliminary risk levels are traced over the daytime merging hazard and exposure, thus enabling a quick methodology application by practitioners. Results organize extreme and recurring risk scenarios considering relevant users’ types and behavioral patterns in respect to both the neighborhood space use and the heat stress arousal. Such scenarios can contribute to the definition of input conditions for simulation-based risk assessment.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/292671

RISK COMMUNICATION AND AWARENESS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT THREATENED BY DISASTERS WITH DIGITAL MODELS
REHABEND 2022 - 9TH EURO-AMERICAN CONGRESS ON CONSTRUCTION PATHOLOGY, REHABILITATION TECHNOLOGY AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT
Autore/i: Fatiguso, Fabio; Bruno, Silvana; Cantatore, Elena; Currà, Edoardo; D’Amico, Alessandro; Russo, Martina; Angelosanti, Marco; Quagliarini, Enrico; Bernardini, Gabriele; Mochi, Giovanni; Salvalai, Graziano
Editore: Círculo Rojo
Luogo di pubblicazione: Almeria
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: Natural and anthropic hazards are widely affecting the Built Environment causing damages and risks to the actual population and losses of architectural and environmental heritage to future generations. In particular, the potential value of historic city centres is threatened, both because of the intrinsic vulnerability of buildings and open spaces (squares, streets, and so on) and their high occupancy by inhabitants, tourists, students, workers, and other user profiles. Resilience of the Built Environment and human preparedness are two issues that have been addressing by really recent research and technical activities. Apropos, the objectives are to forecast and assess risks as well as to provide mitigative measures, including training programs for expert and non-expert people. In Risk management, communication is a fundamental step to reduce negative consequences of disasters. This is due to twofold purposes: 1) notifying those characteristics of the Built Environment that influence the mitigative/pejorative effects of hazard occurrence and 2) specifying safe behaviours to enhance users’ knowledge and awareness, in order to be prepared to hazard occurrences. However, the latest scientific studies highlighted how the use of Digital Models, structured in info-graphic and parametric data, can support both the specific risk assessment and the fostering of risk communication, involving technical and common urban users. Digital Models for the risk assessment of Built Environment are part of current studies in the BE S2ECURe project. Here, the identification of a double level of training (technical and pervasive) supported by Digital Models aims at supporting risk analysis and user awareness. In detail, the Technical Model results from interdisciplinary analysis based on multi-risk (Sudden and Slow Onset Disasters) data collection in order to study potential risks in the Built Environment; on the other hand, the Pervasive Model collects results of technical assessment and proposes structured information for user preparedness to risk. In this setting, the paper introduces the methodological framework for the creation of Technical and Pervasive Models underlying the respective goals within risk management and the first outcomes of its application to two selected case studies.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/305822

Rischio dell’ambiente costruito e dei suoi utenti negli SLow Onset Disasters: fattori tipologici di vulnerabilità ed esposizione nei contesti urbani italiani
Colloqui.AT.e 2021-Design and construction. Tradition and innovation in the practice of architecture
Autore/i: Salvalai, Graziano; Blanco Cadena Juan, Diego; Caramia, Martha; Brutti, Diletta; Bernardini, Gabriele; Quagliarini, Enrico
Editore: Edicom edizioni
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/295284

Verso una valutazione multi-rischio per la sicurezza dell’ambiente costruito e dei suoi utenti: una scheda per la definizione di scenari negli spazi aperti urbani
Colloqui.AT.e 2021-Design and construction. Tradition and innovation in the practice of architecture
Autore/i: D’Amico, Alessandro; Russo, Martina; Bernabei, Letizia; Angelosanti, Marco; Cantatore, Elena; Bernardini, Gabriele; Fatiguso, Fabio; Salvalai, Graziano; Mochi, Giovanni; Quagliarini, Enrico; Currà, Edoardo
Editore: Edicom edizioni
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/295285

Fruibilità di edifici pubblici durante eventi pandemici: un modello multi-agent
Colloqui.AT.e 2021-Design and construction. Tradition and innovation in the practice of architecture
Autore/i: Bernardini, Gabriele; D'Orazio, Marco; Quagliarini, Enrico
Editore: Edicom edizioni
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/295283

HOW DO VISITORS PERCEIVE THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE? EYE-TRACKING TECHNOLOGIES TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE FRUITION OF AN ARTISTIC-VALUED HYPOGEUM
TEMA
Autore/i: Bernardini, Gabriele; Gregorini, Benedetta; Quagliarini, Enrico; D'Orazio, Marco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Sustainable strategies for Architectural Heritage reuse rely on preserving built environment features and maximizing visitors’ engagement. Occupancy issues can cause the degradation of building materials and surfaces, especially in isolated built environments, like hypogeum. The visitors’ presence affects indoor hygrothermal loads. Acceptable fruition models could provide number and timing for visitors’ access, but behavioral patterns should be assessed to evaluate if conservation-based assumptions can provide adequate users’ engagement. This work adopts technologies for detecting users’ behaviors and perception, applying it to a hypogeum characterized by high-valued reliefs on sandstone surfaces. Visitors’ numbers and times are defined to guarantee that thermal conditions do not exceed hypogeum natural fluctuations. Given this fruition model, in-situ experiments are performed to assess visitor’s perception of high reliefs and fruition patterns. Perception is investigated through a wearable eye-tracking system to point out which artifacts attract more attention and how. Fruition patterns are assessed in terms of users’ paths and engagement time in the hypogeum areas. Results show that the users’ attention is focused on better conserved and lightened high reliefs, suggesting the importance of lighting-design strategies for hypogeum reuse. The proposed fruition model can ensure satisfactory users’ engagement while guaranteeing adequate hypogeum thermal conditions.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/298345

SLow Onset Disaster Events Factors in Italian Built Environment Archetypes
Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2020. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Autore/i: Salvalai, G.; Moretti, N.; Blanco Cadena, J. D.; Quagliarini, E.
Editore: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Resilience of the built environment is a primary issue to provide the citizens users a high-quality environment and livable cities. The aim of this research is to identify the Built Environment (BE) typologies prone to the Slow Onset Disasters (SLODs), in Italian cities. A SLOD can be defined as an uninterrupted, gradual or variable, low intensity and high frequency event that generates a negative effect on population, which on the long term can generate significant health and environmental decay. The results of the research have demonstrated that some SLODs type are more impacting within the built environment: the air pollution concentration and the increasing temperatures. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that some urban archetypes: the piazza, piazzale and the urban canyon are more prone to produce negative effects on the population through amplification of the consequences of the exposure to the SLODs. The article concludes with some insights (solar radiation and wind tunneling analysis) on the most critical architypes, for understanding better how they perform under specific conditions. This research, within the context of the Italian research project (PRIN) BE S2ECURe, is to be intended as the first step towards the definition of a method for assessment of the effects of the SLODs risk on a specific part of the city.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/325074

Occupants’ Behavioral Analysis for the Optimization of Building Operation and Maintenance: A Case Study to Improve the Use of Elevators in a University Building
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Autore/i: Bernardini, G.; Di Giuseppe, E.; D'Orazio, M.; Quagliarini, E.
Editore: Springer, Singapore
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: The impact of the users’ behavior on the building performance is largely recognized, especially considering most of common building operation and management (O&M) tasks. Predictions of human-building interactions are essential to improve building efficiency by decreasing wastes and costs connected to O&M while satisfying the comfort level required by the occupants. At this regard, building technological systems, which status depends on the users’ movement inside the buildings, like elevators, represent one of the critical spots, especially in high-density buildings. According to a “user-centered” approach, this paper moves toward the assessment of behavioral drivers which can influence the use of elevators in public buildings to define a probability use model useful to set specific maintenance policies. In situ evaluations are performed in a university building, where flows of people are highly dependent on the indoor activities scheduled, as lessons. A multinomial logit model for the probability of elevators’ use is built depending on factors such as: floors number, movement in group, direction (upwards, downwards). Users’ fruition patterns in the university building are detected using eye-tracking techniques and questionnaires. Results show how the elevators’ use probability increases when the number of floors to cross increases, also because of perceived movement comfort, while individuals’ attention is mainly affected by posters and signage systems placed along the way. The model could be implemented in building simulation models, to predict the elevators use during the time under different circumstances, hence to optimize related O&M measures.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/286248

Cognitive Buildings for Increasing Elderly Fire Safety in Public Buildings: Design and First Evaluation of a Low-Impact Dynamic Wayfinding System
Ambient Assisted Living. ForItAAL 2019
Autore/i: Bernardini, Gabriele; Ciabattoni, Lucio; Quagliarini, Enrico; D’Orazio, Marco
Editore: Springer
Luogo di pubblicazione: Cham
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: The progressive population ageing increases the participation of autonomous Elderly to the community life and their presence in public buildings. Such complex spaces are generally characterized by high occupants’ density, with different users’ types (including elderly) that additionally own a scarce familiarity with the emergency layout. Emergency safety levels (i.e.: fire) are significantly affected by man-environment interactions, especially for the hosted autonomous Elderly. Here, they tend to choose well-known paths, while group behaviours can provoke overcrowding and, hence, an increasing of the evacuation time. Cognitive Buildings can solve this issue, because they can suggest to people how to behave in relation to the monitored surrounding conditions. This study proposes a Cognitive Wayfinding System (Co-WayS) to be applied in such scenarios, with a low impact level. Co-Ways is composed by: individuals’ badges for their wi-fi tracking; building components including wi-fi tracking system and electrically-illumined signs (to dynamically address correct paths to evacuees); central processing unit to solve a density-based guidance algorithm for sign activation. Co-WaysS addresses the egress paths depending on monitored queueing conditions. A first validation in a significant public building is performed through egress drills. When using Co-WayS, the evacuation time decreases (−28%) while correct path choices (+17%) and individuals’ sign confidence (+58%) increases, with respect to standard signage.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/289489

Understanding Human Behaviors in Earthquakes to Improve Safety in Built Environment: A State of the Art on Sustainable and Validated Investigation Tools
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Autore/i: Quagliarini, E.; Lucesoli, M.; Bernardini, G.
Editore: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: The design of resilient Built Environments (BEs) against disasters should consider human behaviors in emergency conditions as a key factor. The disaster impact on BE can lead people to be potentially exposed to additional risks because of “wrong” behaviors adoption. This aspect is mainly relevant for sudden-onset events, characterized by unpredictability and quick arising of effects. In this sense, earthquakes represent critical events. Although civil defense bodies provide behavioral guidelines to reduce the number of injuries and victims in case of such disaster, individuals generally seem to not follow such rules due to their interactions among them and with the BE. Studying and predicting behaviors in the first emergency phases (i.e., evacuation) represent the first step in developing risk-mitigating solutions and improving users’ preparedness. This work provides a literary review of sustainable technologies to this end, to detect if and how they could be considered reliable tools to inquire about human behaviors. Two main available and consolidated sources are analyzed. Videotapes of real-world events are traditionally used to develop evacuation model. Recent works introduced Virtual Reality (VR)-based activities to replicate earthquake conditions in different BEs (including stimuli like smokes, ground shaking), analyze individuals’ reactions in immersive drills, and provide a “learn-by-doing” approach to tested people. Anyway, most of these VR approaches shows simplifications of possible users’ choices. Verifications of real-world-VR environment differences in behaviors are also needed. These novel tools will sensibly speed up researches in terms of time and quality by reducing costs and ensuring replicability if this limitation will be effectively overcome.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/286250

A new approach to assess the built environment risk under the conjunct effect of critical slow onset disasters: A case study in Milan, Italy
APPLIED SCIENCES
Autore/i: Cadena, J. D. B.; Moretti, N.; Salvalai, G.; Quagliarini, E.; Cecconi, F. R.; Poli, T.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Citizens in dense built environments are susceptible to the simultaneous occurrence of Slow Onset Disaster (SLOD) events, being particularly prone to increasing temperatures and air pollution. Previous research works have assessed these events’ arousal separately and have identified when their intensity is critical. However, few have integrated their analysis, possibly limited by the quality and granularity of available data, the accessibility and distribution of sensors, and measurements not emulating the surroundings of a pedestrian. Thus, this work performed an outdoor meso-scale multi-hazard-based risk analysis to study the aggregated effects of the SLODs mentioned above. The study was carried out to narrow down the time-frames within 2019 in which these two events could have affected citizens’ health the most. A weighted fuzzy logic was applied to superimpose climatic (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar irradiance) and air quality (particulate matter, ozone, and ammonium) distress (true risk) on an hourly basis, allocated using set healthy and comfortable ranges for a specific dense urban climate context within Milan (Italy), processing data from Milano via Juvara station. The findings show that sensitive groups were at risk of high temperature and pollution separately during 26% and 29% of summer and mid-season hours, respectively; while multi-hazard risk would arise during 10.93% of summer and mid-season hours, concentrated mainly between 14:00 and 20:00.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/300349

Seismic risk of Open Spaces in Historic Built Environments: A matrix-based approach for emergency management and disaster response
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Autore/i: Bernabei, L.; Mochi, G.; Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Earthquakes affect the safety of the users hosted in both indoor and outdoor urban built environments, especially in Historic Built Environments (HBEs). Many full HBE-scale risk-assessment methods are defined, while methodologies oriented to local analysis of meso-scale elements, such as Open Spaces (OSs), are still limited. Nevertheless, OSs play a crucial role in the first emergency phases, like in the evacuation process, since they host emergency paths and gathering areas. The seismic risk of an OS mainly depends on the combination of the damage suffered from facing buildings and the exposure, which mainly refers to the quantification of human lives. Damage levels result from the combination of vulnerability and hazard-related issues, while exposure is essentially affected by the number of OS users, whose spatial distribution is strongly time-dependent. Methods to quickly combine these issues are needed, especially in view of the deeper insights for the implementation of risk-reduction strategies (i.e. according to simulation-based approaches). This work offers a novel methodology to quickly perform Seismic Risk Assessment and Management of an OS by correlating damage levels to exposure-related issues. The method is composed of two specific matrices, which are developed according to quick literature-based approaches prone to rapid meso-scale applications in HBEs, also by non-expert technicians. The “damage matrix” links the site hazard to the building vulnerability. The assessed damage levels are combined with the users’ exposure into the “consequences matrix”, to estimate the risk in emergency conditions for the OS users, thus supporting decision-makers in promoting robustness/preparedness strategies.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/298347

Built environment typologies prone to risk: A cluster analysis of open spaces in Italian cities
SUSTAINABILITY
Autore/i: D'Amico, Alessandro; Russo, Martina; Angelosanti, Marco; Bernardini, Gabriele; Vicari, Donatella; Quagliarini, Enrico; Curra, Edoardo
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Planning for preparedness, in terms of multi-hazard disasters, involves testing the relevant abilities to mitigate damage and build resilience, through the assessment of deterministic disaster scenarios. Among risk-prone assets, open spaces (OSs) play a significant role in the characterization of the built environment (BE) and represent the relevant urban portion on which to develop multi-risk scenarios. The aim of this paper is to elaborate ideal scenarios—namely, building environment typologies (BETs)—for simulation-based risk assessment actions, considering the safety and resilience of BEs in emergency conditions. The investigation is conducted through the GIS data collection of the common characteristics of OSs (i.e., squares), identified through five parameters considered significant in the scientific literature. These data were processed through a non-hierar-chical cluster analysis. The results of the cluster analysis identified five groups of OSs, characterized by specific morphological, functional, and physical characteristics. Combining the outcomes of the cluster analysis with a critical analysis, nine final BETs were identified. The resulting BETs were linked to characteristic risk combinations, according to the analysed parameters. Thus, the multi-risk scenarios identified through the statistical analysis lay the basis for future risk assessments of BEs, based on the peculiar characteristics of Italian towns.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/292089

Sustainable and resilient strategies for touristic cities against COVID-19: An agent-based approach
SAFETY SCIENCE
Autore/i: D'Orazio, M.; Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Touristic cities will suffer from COVID-19 emergency because of its economic impact on their communities. The first emergency phases involved a wide closure of such areas to support “social distancing” measures (i.e. travels limitation; lockdown of (over)crowd-prone activities). In the “second phase”, individual's risk-mitigation strategies (facial masks) could be properly linked to “social distancing” to ensure re-opening touristic cities to visitors. Simulation tools could support the effectiveness evaluation of risk-mitigation measures to look for an economic and social optimum for activities restarting. This work modifies an existing Agent-Based Model to estimate the virus spreading in touristic areas, including tourists and residents’ behaviours, movement and virus effects on them according to a probabilistic approach. Consolidated proximity-based and exposure-time-based contagion spreading rules are included according to international health organizations and previous calibration through experimental data. Effects of tourists’ capacity (as “social distancing”-based measure) and other strategies (i.e. facial mask implementation) are evaluated depending on virus-related conditions (i.e. initial infector percentages). An idealized scenario representing a significant case study has been analysed to demonstrate the tool capabilities and compare the effectiveness of those solutions. Results show that “social distancing” seems to be more effective at the highest infectors’ rates, although represents an extreme measure with important economic effects. This measure loses its full effectiveness (on the community) as the infectors’ rate decreases and individuals’ protection measures become predominant (facial masks). The model could be integrated to consider other recurring issues on tourist-related fruition and schedule of urban spaces and facilities (e.g. cultural/leisure buildings).
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/291493

Managing natural disasters in historic areas: a novel holistic seismic risk assessment method applied to a relevant case study
12th International Conference on structural analysis of historical constructions - SAHC 2021
Autore/i: Lucesoli, Michele; Bernardini, Gabriele; Quagliarini, Enrico
Editore: CIMNE
Luogo di pubblicazione: Barcelona
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: The resilience of historic areas is highly threatened by natural sudden onset events such as earthquakes. Major weak points of an urban environment, widely debated in the past literature, concern mainly masonry buildings. However, also the complex urban paths system could be prone to lose its functionality in the aftermath of a seismic event. Urban paths alterations due to earthquake effects can be attributed to extrinsic (i.e.: ruins formation from buildings) and intrinsic (e.g.: ground instability due to landslide or underground cavities) vulnerability; these factors jointly combined with exposure condition of hosted population in urban areas and with the local seismic hazard represent a possible impediment to evacuation process and at the same time, an obstacle to rescuers’ teams occupied in offering a first aid response. Therefore, the work aim is to apply a tool for preliminary evaluation of risk, strictly related to urban paths system considering all abovementioned aspects from a holistic point of view. This goal is achieved by a simplified methodology applicable to a wide-scale on a whole historic centre that takes advantages from a series of easy-to-detect parameters influencing the risk with limited availability of resources. Parameters grouped by topics (i.e.: path use and exposure; geometric features; physical-structural features; extrinsic vulnerability; seismic hazard) are assigned to scores and weights according to a multi-criteria decision-making process generating a numerical index. A typical Italian urban centre made by historical masonry constructions is assumed as a case study to implement the existing method. The detected risk indexes are then graphically provided through risk maps, a chromatic scale indicates which areas are more prone to possible unavailability of paths rather than others. Evacuation planners and emergency managers could embody this tool in their studies to prevent the high number of losses by guiding evacuees toward assembly points through the risk lower paths and to direct risk-reduction interventions punctually where critical condition emerges with different priority levels. Paths accessibility evaluation through a risk characterization could also result useful as a tool for rescuers’ activities optimization and for inhabitant disaster preparedness in terms of being familiar with safest and alternatives paths in emergency conditions.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/298349

An empirical failure model to predict biofouling growth on fired bricks due to microalgae
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
Autore/i: Quagliarini, E.; Gregorini, B.; D'Orazio, M.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide an empirical failure model predicting the microalgae growth on fired bricks surfaces. It was developed through a numerical fitting of experimental data present in literature. It considered the substrate properties related to biofouling (i.e. porosity and roughness) of different bricks under several environmental conditions (i.e. relative humidity and temperature). Results shows that the model is able to simulate the microalgae biofouling by explicitly taking into account such influencing factor. Finally, this empirical failure model is validated on a different dataset from literature and applied to time varying temperature.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/300380

Human stability during floods: Experimental tests on a physical model simulating human body
SAFETY SCIENCE
Autore/i: Postacchini, M.; Bernardini, G.; D'Orazio, M.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Urban floods are becoming more and more intense and frequent allover the world. Extreme events are the main triggering factors of such floods, and merit attention for what concerns the urban planning and emergency strategies. Numerical models aimed at investigating the optimal paths for evacuees escaping a flooded urban environment may be used by local authorities to properly understand how to improve people safety and mitigate the flood risk. Implementation of empirical laws in such models to describe the people stability in flooded areas is thus crucial to understand the behavior of evacuees and rescuers during emergency conditions. Laboratory experiments have been undertaken using a physical model representing a human body at quasi-natural scale, towed by an electrical engine in the water at rest. This represents a novel laboratory approach which exploits a non-inertial reference frame in motion with the model. The experimental results, obtained using different combinations of water depth and flow speed, have led to empirical laws which outline the stability conditions occurring when either the model front or the model back faces the flow, these respectively corresponding to Backward Toppling Instability (BTI) and Forward Toppling Instability (FTI). Such laws have been found through comparison with reference literature works, using various statistical methods. The FTI condition has been seen to largely improve the human stability compared to BTI, in contrast to the results of previous literature works, which stated an overall similarity between the results of the two toppling conditions. To better understand the role of the water flow during the different tests, hydraulic forces and moments have been measured. It has been seen that dynamic and static effects are comparable during high-speed conditions, especially due to a relevant fluid-model interaction and an increase of the water-surface level, while dynamic effects are negligible during low-speed conditions. The results of the present contribution can represent an important step forward for the numerical models applied to the framework of urban and emergency planning.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/287664

Assessing the flood risk to evacuees in outdoor built environments and relative risk reduction strategies
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Autore/i: Bernardini, G.; Finizio, F.; Postacchini, M.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Climate-change induced disasters, like floods, are expected to increase in the future. In outdoor built environments, flood risk to evacuees depends on interactions between floodwater spreading, built environment features, flood-induced modifications, and individuals’ reaction in emergency phases. Disaster risk reduction strategies should mitigate the immediate flood impacts and improve the community resilience, while being easy-to-implement and effectively supporting evacuees during the initial phases of the emergency. Simulation-based methodologies could support safety planners in evaluating the effectiveness of such strategies, especially if basing on a micro-scale-oriented approach that represents emergency interactions between each individual and the surrounding outdoor built environment. This study adopts an existing micro-scale simulator (FlooPEDS) reproducing experimental-based flood evacuation behaviours. According to a behavioural design-based approach, simulation results focus on individual responses in the outdoor built environment through Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) aimed at providing evidence of critical interactions between evacuees, floodwaters and the outdoor built environment. A case study is selected by considering different flood scenarios to test such KPIs. Risk reduction solutions are then provided, and their effectiveness is checked by simulations. Results show the micro-scale and behavioural design-based approach capabilities in proposing multi-scenarios solutions (e.g.: architectural elements to support evacuees; emergency planning).
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/291669

How to create seismic risk scenarios in historic built environment using rapid data collection and managing
JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Autore/i: Quagliarini, E.; Lucesoli, M.; Bernardini, G.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The Historic Built Environment (HBE) is constantly prone to natural disasters because of its complexity. Resilience-increasing strategies in such a context should both preserve the cultural heritage and make the hosted communities safe. Earthquakes represent critical disasters because of the interactions between HBE elements (i.e.: buildings, open spaces, urban paths) and its inhabitants. Thus, the practical development of emergency plans and related risk reduction strategies should consider the induced effects of the earthquake on the HBE and the spatiotemporal variation in the number of exposed people. This goal needs propaedeutic methods to define relevant scenarios in view of the possible characterization of risk-related factors at the HBE scale. To this aim, this contribution tries to arrange a first sustainable, holistic, easy-to-use, and replicable framework. The paper innovatively provides planners with a unique scheme to reach available data from reliable sources concerning seismic hazard, vulnerability and damage, and exposure (i.e. related to human lives quantification). Results on a case-study application (a typical Italian HBE) demonstrate the framework capabilities, by including the critical HBE damage-related conditions and crowding phenomena (in a multi-hazard perspective, based on the probable number and typologies of exposed individuals). Then, specific solutions can be advanced. The proposed holistic framework can be easily replicable and adaptable due to the possibility to update the employed tools as well as to replace them with other existing and validated ones, giving the same inquired parameters as results. The methodological framework could constitute an effective support for risk scenarios creation at the HBE scale to be used in risk-assessment and emergency plans actions (e.g. basing on typological analyses on buildings/urban tissue, and simulation-based studies including individuals' behaviours in emergency and evacuation) by guaranteeing rapid data collection activities.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/289062

How urban layout and pedestrian evacuation behaviours can influence flood risk assessment in riverine historic built environments
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
Autore/i: Bernardini, Gabriele; Romano, Guido; Soldini, Luciano; Quagliarini, Enrico
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Riverine Historic Built Environments (HBEs) in urban centres are relevant scenarios for flood risk, due to the compact layout of their outdoor spaces, that are squares and streets, and their position in flood-prone areas. Differences in HBE layout can provide differences in flood risks, but excluding the response of exposed individuals can lead to risk underestimation or overestimation, as for other hazards. This work is a first attempt to compare how accounting or not pedestrian evacuation behaviours can affect flood risk assessment and emergency strategies evaluation. Parametric configurations of typical HBEs are provided on case-studies, and existing tools for hydrodynamic and pedestrian evacuation simulation are applied to them. Risk indexes for the whole HBE (macroscale) and each of its outdoor space (microscale) in it are provided. Results show how the risk indexes trends accounting or not pedestrian evacuation behaviours at the macroscale are similar, while differences at the microscale exist (about 15% in absolute terms). Concerning emergency strategies, sheltering seems to decrease the risk for the whole HBE up to 33% in comparison to leaving the flood-affected area. Results also support where/how to place gathering areas in the HBE.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/291492

Risk Reduction Strategies against Terrorist Acts in Urban Built Environments: Towards Sustainable and Human-Centred Challenges
SUSTAINABILITY
Autore/i: Quagliarini, Enrico; Fatiguso, Fabio; Lucesoli, Michele; Bernardini, Gabriele; Cantatore, Elena
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Terrorist impacts have been increasing over time in many countries, being one of the most significant threats for the Built Environment (BE), intended as a network of open spaces (streets, squares) and facing buildings, and their users. Such risk is affected by a combination of strategic functions and crowd conditions. This work traces, for the first time, the state-of-the-art consolidated Risk Mitigation and Reduction Strategies (RMRSs). Solid RMRS regulatory frameworks from all over the world are collected. The results show how classification criteria distinguish them by attack targets and typologies, effectiveness over time/space, and physical implementation versus management-based deployment. Nevertheless, these criteria seem to be too fragmented, failing in pursuing RMRSs selection in a holistic outlook. Thus, a new classification adopting the BE composing elements (physical elements, layout, access/surveillance systems, safety/security management) as key-factors is provided. Features, dependencies and coordination among them are discussed in a sustainability-based perspective, by showing how the main challenges for RMRSs’ design concern applicability, redundancy, and users’ emergency support. Safety/security management strategies have the overall highest sustainability level and play a pivotal role with respect to the other BE composing elements, which should be planned in reference to them. In addition, a human-centred approach (individuals’ interactions with BEs and RMRSs) will also be needed. These results will support efforts to include simulation-oriented approaches into RMRSs selection, effectiveness and feasibility analyses.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/287215

A probabilistic model to evaluate the effectiveness of main solutions to COVID-19 spreading in university buildings according to proximity and time-based consolidated criteria
BUILDING SIMULATION
Autore/i: D’Orazio, Marco; Bernardini, Gabriele; Quagliarini, Enrico
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: University buildings are one of the most relevant closed environments in which the COVID-19 event clearly pointed out stakeholders’ needs toward safety issues, especially because of the possibility of day-to-day presences of the same users (i.e. students, teachers) and overcrowding causing long-lasting contacts with possible “infectors”. While waiting for the vaccine, as for other public buildings, policy-makers’ measures to limit virus outbreaks combine individual’s strategies (facial masks), occupants’ capacity and access control. But, up to now, no easy-to-apply tools are available for assessing the punctual effectiveness of such measures. To fill this gap, this work proposes a quick and probabilistic simulation model based on consolidated proximity and exposure-time-based rules for virus transmission confirmed by international health organizations. The building occupancy is defined according to university scheduling, identifying the main “attraction areas” in the building (classrooms, break-areas). Scenarios are defined in terms of occupants’ densities and the above-mentioned mitigation strategies. The model is calibrated on experimental data and applied to a relevant university building. Results demonstrate the model capabilities. In particular, it underlines that if such strategies are not combined, the virus spreading can be limited by only using high protection respiratory devices (i.e. FFP3) by almost every occupant. On the contrary, the combination between access control and building capacity limitation can lead to the adoption of lighter protective devices (i.e. surgical masks), thus improving the feasibility, users’ comfort and favorable reception. Simplified rules to combine acceptable mask filters-occupants’ density are thus provided to help stakeholders in organizing users’ presences in the building during the pandemic.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/288226

TRM reinforced tuff and fired clay brick masonry: Experimental and analytical investigation on their in-plane and out-of-plane behavior
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Donnini, J.; Maracchini, G.; Lenci, S.; Corinaldesi, V.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The paper presents the results of an experimental campaign aimed at investigating the in-plane and out-of-plane behavior of tuff and fired clay brick masonry panels reinforced by a commercial, not yet tested, Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) system. The TRM, consisting of hydraulic lime mortar coupled with a bidirectional glass fabric (total thickness of 30 mm), was applied on both sides of the panels and connected through stainless-steel helical bars. First, a mechanical characterization of the TRM system was carried out, according to recent guidelines (AC434 and CNR-DT215) by means of tensile tests and single-shear bond tests on the two different substrates. Then, the effectiveness of the reinforcement was investigated through uniaxial compression, diagonal compression and three-point bending tests on masonry panels. After that, experimental results were compared to the predictions of recent guidelines and analytical models available in the literature, by using the mechanical parameters obtained from the TRM mechanical characterization. TRM showed to be very effective in increasing the in-plane shear strength of tuff panels, of about 170%, whereas in the case of fired clay brick ones the increase was limited to 33%. Besides, the diagonal compression strength of reinforced specimens seemed to be strongly influenced by the mortar matrix, instead of by the fabric reinforcement, as it usually happens i.e. for Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) systems. Thus, novel simplified analytical formulations to predict the shear strength of reinforced panels by only considering the contribution of the TRM matrix were provided, discussed and compared to current analytical approaches for FRCM systems. As regards the out-of-plane behavior, the TRM system significantly increased the out-of-plane bending strength and ductility of both tuff and fired clay brick panels. The applicability of current analytical approaches, as well as possible amendments, was also investigated. Finally, the compressive behavior of the walls was not substantially modified by the reinforcement, reasonably due to the low axial stiffness of the connectors and, to a minor extent, because they were dry inserted within the masonry and simply folded over the glass fabric.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/287962

Terrorist acts and pedestrians’ behaviours: First insights on European contexts for evacuation modelling
SAFETY SCIENCE
Autore/i: Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Europe has been subject to a significant increase in terrorist acts and their impact in recent years. In this context, real-world events pointed out how the pedestrians’ safety is significantly affected by the attacks and their consequences on the Built Environment. As already done for other Sudden-onset disasters, evacuation behaviours should be investigated to properly define risk-mitigation strategies, thus considering the impacts of main factors such as attack type, crowd level, pedestrians’ typologies, built environment conditions. This work tries to fill these literature gaps by innovatively proposing a behavioural database for terrorist acts according to consolidated methods. Firstly, videotapes of recent terrorist acts all over Europe are collected. Qualitative analyses reveal which behaviours are common with other kinds of emergencies and which seem to be more frequent, while quantitative analyses provide first structured data to simulate the pedestrians' evacuation, such as speeds and fundamental diagrams of pedestrians' dynamics. Comparisons with existing databases concerning other disasters are provided. Results highlight differences between behavioural outputs of qualitative and quantitative variables considering terrorist acts and other evacuation types. Thus, provided data could be used as input for developing and testing evacuation models in the contexts of terrorist acts.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/291498

Flexible workflow for determining critical hazard and exposure scenarios for assessing slods risk in urban built environments
SUSTAINABILITY
Autore/i: Cadena, J. D. B.; Salvalai, G.; Lucesoli, M.; Quagliarini, E.; D'Orazio, M.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Urban Built Environments (UBE) are increasingly prone to SLow‐Onset Disasters (SLODs) such as air pollution and heatwaves. The effectiveness of sustainable risk‐mitigation solutions for the exposed individuals’ health should be defined by considering the effective scenarios in which emergency conditions can appear. Combining environmental (including climatic) conditions and exposed users’ presence and behaviors is a paramount task to support decision‐makers in risk assessment. A clear definition of input scenarios and related critical conditions to be analyzed is needed, especially while applying simulation‐based approaches. This work provides a methodology to fill this gap, based on hazard and exposure peaks identification. Quick and remote datacollection is adopted to speed up the process and promote the method application by low‐trained specialists. Results firstly trace critical conditions by overlapping air pollution and heatwaves occurrence in the UBE. Exposure peaks (identified by remote analyses on the intended use of UBEs) are then merged to retrieve critical conditions due to the presence of the individuals over time and UBE spaces. The application to a significant case study (UBE in Milan, Italy) demonstrates the approach capabilities to identify key input scenarios for future human behavior simulation activities from a user‐centered approach.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/300348

Morphological Systems of Open Spaces in Built Environment Prone to Sudden-Onset Disasters
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Autore/i: Russo, Martina; Angelosanti, Marco; Bernardini, Gabriele; Cantatore, Elena; D'Amico, Alessandro; Currà, Edoardo; Fatiguso, Fabio; Mochi, Giovanni; Quagliarini, Enrico
Editore: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Recent events have shown how the Built Environment (BE), defined as a network of buildings, infrastructures, and open spaces, and its users are more and more prone to disasters, showing very poor resilience. The chapter focuses on the state of the art concerning the relation between BE and SUdden-Onset Disasters (SUOD) considering risks and human behavior. Results concerning the characterization of BE prone to SUODs underline the primary importance of open spaces in the Built Environment, as elements to characterize in respect to the possible emergency phases and the behavior of the BEs users. Attention is given to the BE constituting the base elements for urban areas (i.e., compact historic city) because of the related risk-affecting specific conditions (i.e., crowding, the complexity of overall BEs form, built element features, BEs uses). Moving from different open spaces types classification, the chapter defines morphological classes of BE representative of the variables of urban systems that interact with the identified SUODs risks.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/286263

Teatri storici all’italiana e rischio incendio: soluzioni intelligenti e non invasive per il progetto
ANANKE
Autore/i: Quagliarini, Enrico; Bernardini, Gabriele; D'Orazio, Marco
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/288306

Miglioramento sismico della scuola “Puccini” in Senigallia. Dalla diagnosi all’intervento
MODULO
Autore/i: Quagliarini, E; Lenci, S; Clementi, F; Maracchini, G; Monni, F
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Questo articolo riporta l'esperienza dell'intervento progettato ed eseguito sull'edificio scolastico "Puccini" in Seni­gallia, il quale presenta caratteristiche architettoniche e vulnerabilità sismiche tipiche di edifici scolastici costruiti in I­talia nel secondo dopoguerra. La scuola, insieme ad altre localizzate sempre nel Comune di Senigallia, ed aventi carat­teristiche simili a livello di materiali e tecnologia costruttiva, è stata oggetto di studio ed analisi approfondite nell'ambi­to della convenzione di ricerca scienti­fica stipulata tra l'Università Politecnica delle Marche e il Comune di Senigallia inerente ''La valutazione e la stesura di linee guida per la riduzione del rischio sismico dell'edilizia scolastica del dopo guerra".
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/294383

TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS, TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES AND SEISMIC VULNERABILITIES OF POST-WORLD WAR II ITALIAN SCHOOL BUILDINGS
REHABEND 2020. Euro-American Congress. Construction Pathology, Rehabilitation Technology and Heritage Management
Autore/i: Monni, F; Maracchini, G; Quagliarini, E; Lenci, S
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Many Italian school buildings, built just after the post-World War II, share similar geometrical and spatial characteristics. Some of these features may negatively affect the building seismic response, generating typical seismic vulnerabilities. In order to mitigate them, and then to foster an effective transition towards a safer and more sustainable society, it is important to provide exemplary cases on how to proceed correctly. For this reason, in this paper typical vulnerabilities of Italian post-World War II RC school buildings are individuated and discussed. For one of the most representative case study an in situ experimental campaign has been carried out in order to identify the specific seismic vulnerabilities related to specific geometrical aspects or material properties. Results of structural assessment have evidenced that some typological vulnerabilities such as wide atriums, eccentric stairs and tall windows, along with irregularity in plan configuration, strongly affect the global seismic behavior of the school buildings. Finally, a structural intervention aimed to improve the performance against seismic actions has been proposed and described for the case study. The intervention concerned RC jacketing of the columns, shear strengthening of beams through Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) sheets and strengthening of the beam-columns joints. The strengthening efficiency has been evaluated by means of pushover analysis. The proposed intervention can improve the seismic resistance of the building.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/294389

Human behaviours and BE investigations to preserve the heritage against SUOD disasters
HERITAGE 2020. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development.
Autore/i: Bernabei, Letizia; Mochi, Giovanni; Bernardini, Gabriele; Quagliarini, Enrico; Cantatore, Elena; Fatiguso, Fabio; Angelosanti, Marcom; Currà, Edoardo; D'Amico, Alessandro; Russo, Martina
Editore: Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development
Luogo di pubblicazione: Barcelos
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/286265

Nuove tecnologie progettuali per il riuso e la riqualificazione sostenibili di ambienti ipogei di valore culturale
Colloqui.AT.e 2020. Hew Horizons for Sustainable Architecture (Nuovi orizzonti per l'architettura sostenibile)
Autore/i: Quagliarini, Enrico; Bernardini, Gabriele; Lucesoli, Michele; Gregorini, Benedetta; D'Orazio, Marco
Editore: Edicom edizioni
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/286267

Architectural Heritage and Earthquakes: a semeiotic method to assess building aggregates vulnerability in historical city centres
HERITAGE 2020. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development.
Autore/i: Quagliarini, Enrico; Bernardini, Gabriele; Lucesoli, Michele
Editore: Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development
Luogo di pubblicazione: Barcelos
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/286266

Sustainable fruition as a preventive conservation strategy for hypogeum artefacts
JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Autore/i: D'Orazio, M.; Quagliarini, E.; Bernardini, G.; Gregorini, B.; Gianangeli, A.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: As well as valuable Building Heritage, hypogeum scenarios often host artefacts such as i.e. graffiti, paintings or low reliefs, but differently to them, they are characterized by very particular microclimatic conditions due to their isolation from the outdoor environment. This way, they are very susceptible to human impact due to visitors’ fruition that can cause or accelerate degradation processes. Strategies for preventive conservation of Cultural Heritage should balance Heritage conservation (i.e. building materials and surfaces, hosted goods and chattels) and public access (i.e. visitors’ fruition). In these scenarios, preventive conservation strategies are based on the definition of both interventions on technical installations (to restore or improve indoor environment conditions) and operative models for sustainable fruition (to diminish the impact of stressors on the Heritage). Combining such strategies is not viable in hypogeum environments, which can be hardly equipped by technical systems. To face with such issues, this work proposes a novel strategy for Heritage conservation inside hypogeum environments based on the joint combination between environment microclimatic characterization and visitors’ impact definition. The proposed strategy has been developed and tested on a significant case of study: Palazzo Campana's hypogeum (Osimo, Italy). This hypogeum is a typical example of man-made underground structure characterized by sandstone walls carved in artistic value high-reliefs. Currently, its walls have been becoming very friable and subsequently their surfaces have been exposing to harsh deterioration phenomena. The strategy firstly includes indoor temperature and relative humidity long-term monitoring by means of a real-time widespread sensors system, so as to evaluate microclimatic conditions and its admissible gradients. A novel visitors’ admissible impact is defined on these data, by considering visiting time and numbers of visitors so as to not alter the indoor climate conditions. Visitors’ access tests are then carried out to confirm the proposed visitors’ admissible impact. Results demonstrate the capability of the proposed combined strategies and the possible extension to other Heritage scenarios to reduce the impact of direct interventions and improve preservation aspects.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/286264

How to account for the human motion to improve flood risk assessment in Urban areas
WATER
Autore/i: Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Floods are critical disasters affecting urban areas and their users. Interactions with floodwater spreading and built environment features influence the users' reaction to the emergency, especially during immediate disaster phases (i.e., evacuation). Recent studies tried to define simulation models to evaluate such exposure-related criticalities, assess individuals' flood risk, and propose risk-mitigation strategies aimed at supporting the community's proper response. Although they generally include safety issues (e.g., human body stability), such tools usually adopt a simplified approach to individuals' motion representation in floodwaters, i.e., using input from non-specialized databases and models. This study provides general modelling approaches to estimate evacuation speed variations depending on individual's excitement (walking, running), floodwaters depths and individuals' features (age, gender, height, average speed on dry surfaces). The proposed models prefer a normalized evacuation speeds approach in respect of minimum motion constraint conditions to extend their applicability depending on the individuals' characteristics. Speed data from previous experiments are organized using linear regression models. Results confirm how individuals' speed reduces when depth and age increase. The most significant models are discussed to be implemented in evacuation simulation models to describe the evacuees' motion in floodwaters with different confidence degree levels and then assess the community's flood risk and risk-reduction strategies effectiveness.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/286253

Tehcnological analysis, typological features and seismic vulnerabilities of post-World War II Italian school buildings
REHABEND 2020. Euro-American Congress. Construction Pathology, Rehabilitation Technology and Heritage Management
Autore/i: Monni, F; Maracchini, G; Quagliarini, E; Lenci, S
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Abstract: Many Italian school buildings, built just after the post-World War II, share similar geometrical and spatial characteristics. Some of these features may negatively affect the building seismic response, generating typical seismic vulnerabilities. In order to mitigate them, and then to foster an effective transition towards a safer and more sustainable society, it is important to provide exemplary cases on how to proceed correctly. For this reason, in this paper typical vulnerabilities of Italian post-World War II RC school buildings are individuated and discussed. For one of the most representative case study an in situ experimental campaign has been carried out in order to identify the specific seismic vulnerabilities related to specific geometrical aspects or material properties. Results of structural assessment have evidenced that some typological vulnerabilities such as wide atriums, eccentric stairs and tall windows, along with irregularity in plan configuration, strongly affect the global seismic behavior of the school buildings. Finally, a structural intervention aimed to improve the performance against seismic actions has been proposed and described for the case study. The intervention concerned RC jacketing of the columns, shear strengthening of beams through Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) sheets and strengthening of the beam-columns joints. The strengthening efficiency has been evaluated by means of pushover analysis. The proposed intervention can improve the seismic resistance of the building.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/294387

Towards the simulation of flood evacuation in urban scenarios: Experiments to estimate human motion speed in floodwaters
SAFETY SCIENCE
Autore/i: Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.; D'Orazio, M.; Brocchini, M.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Studies on flood risk assessment at urban scale are becoming increasingly oriented towards the use of evacuation simulation models for population's safety. However, such tools generally simplify human dynamics in floodwater conditions and need data to quantify proper individual's speed. Novel information on the above dynamics is here presented. A group of over 200 volunteers has been engaged in evacuation laboratory experiments carried out into an open channel. Results allow to estimate the pedestrian's isolated motion speed as a function of depth D [m] (in the range 20–70 cm) of floodwater, in both “walking” and “running” conditions. To this aim, experiments were carried out in still water. For each walking conditions and floodwater depth, correlations have been obtained between evacuation speed and age, individuals’ height, mass and body mass index. The existence of significant motion speed differences, depending on D, is underlined. In addition, general trends in evacuation speed reduction depending on the specific flood force per unit width M have been investigated and confirmed. It is also clarified how human physiology and kinematics (i.e. knee articulation) can induce specific speed-affecting effects depending on D. Such quantitative differences in motion discourage the use of fire or general-purpose databases for flood simulations, while such experimental data could be used as input for evacuation models to describe different evacuees’ walking types in evacuation procedure.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/276195

Thermoplastic disks used for commercial orthodontic aligners: Complete physicochemical and mechanical characterization
MATERIALS
Autore/i: Daniele, V.; Macera, L.; Taglieri, G.; Di Giambattista, A.; Spagnoli, G.; Massaria, A.; Messori, M.; Quagliarini, E.; Chiappini, G.; Campanella, V.; Mummolo, S.; Marchetti, E.; Marzo, G.; Quinzi, V.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Invisible orthodontic aligners (IOAs) have been introduced in the orthodontic field as an innovative alternative for fixed brackets, in relation to their ability to be easily inserted/removed from the oral cavity without affecting the chewing ability and the aesthetic of the patients. The paper provides a complete physicochemical and mechanical characterization of thermoplastic materials in the form of disks used for commercial IOAs. A wide palette of specific techniques is considered, from tensile tests and dynamic-mechanical analysis, to X-Ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) analyses and water absorption tests. The disks are investigated before and after immersion into staining beverages (red wine, coffee, nicotine and artificial saliva), in terms of colour variations, transparency, and microscopic surface modifications by means of colorimetry, UV-VIS absorbance and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among all the samples, polyurethane (PU) exhibited the highest crystallinity and the highest values of mechanical and thermal resistance, while the poly(ethylene terephthalate)-glycol (PETG) samples presented better transparency and less ability to absorb water. Moreover, red wine and coffee give noticeable colour variations after 14 days of immersion, together with a slight reduction of transparency.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/325075

Combining conservation and visitors’ fruition for sustainable building heritage use: Application to a hypogeum
Sustainability in Energy and Buildings. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
Autore/i: Gregorini, B.; Lucesoli, M.; Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.; D'Orazio, M.
Editore: Springer
Luogo di pubblicazione: Singapore
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: The exploitation of Building Heritage generally leads to sustainability issues in terms of environmental preservation and tourist enjoyment. When these requirements are not jointly respected, occupancy issues can provoke degradation phenomena on indoor environment (i.e., building materials and surfaces with artistic and historical value) or conditions of discomfort during visitors’ fruition. Hence, our research defines a combined strategy to solve at the same time both the issues: guaranteeing the conservation of Building Heritage (and its artefacts) while ensuring optimal visitors’ fruition tasks. The Building Heritage conservation is pursued by a monitoring campaign of ideal (undisturbed) indoor conditions and by the evaluation of the human presence effect considering thermal loads as main driver. The visitors’ fruition is analyzed by assessing individuals’ behavioral patterns in terms of attention given to the hosted artifacts (where and how the visitors’ attention is posed?), through a wearable eye tracking system. The strategy is applied to a hypogeum environment characterized by high reliefs on walls and vaults. This scenario is considered since its isolated hygrothermal conditions are strongly influenced by human presence. Results showed that the environmental preservation is reached when considering the fruition model proposed by the stakeholder. Furthermore, the eye tracking analysis revealed high-level of visitors’ engagement towards significant spaces only when exposed to adequate lighting conditions and/or in a good conservation state.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/278020

Sustainable planning of seismic emergency in historic centres through semeiotic tools: Comparison of different existing methods through real case studies
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
Autore/i: Bernardini, G.; Lucesoli, M.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Sustainable cities have to constantly face natural catastrophes, and planning actions should be oriented to quickly manage emergency conditions. Earthquake represents one of the most critical disasters. Earthquake-induced built environment modifications (i.e. building debris) affect the urban paths network availability. Historic centres are relevant scenarios because of their specific features (i.e. Heritage vulnerability; complex and compact fabric). Predicting which paths could be used by rescuers to rapidly reach damaged inhabitants could reduce losses and improve first aid actions. Sustainable semeiotic tools are proposed to quickly esteem the paths availability combining street geometrical features and building damages. Currently, no study provides insights on methods reliability. Hence, this work critically analyses methods outcomes by implementing them, for the first time, on the same real-world sample (Italian historic centres). Rapid tools (satellite images, photographic documentation) are used to compare methods previsions with effective post-earthquake paths availability. Pros and cons of each analysed method are evidenced, underlining that the approach that combines street-building geometry, building vulnerability and earthquake severity seems to give the best results. This could help Local Authorities and Civil Protection Bodies in better developing risk-mitigation strategies concerning, e.g., emergency management (rescuers’ access routes definition) and urban planning (building retrofitting interventions).
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/276196

Seismic risk analysis for disaster prevention in historic centres: a novel methodology for assessing evacuation paths safety.
Rehab 2019 – Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Preservation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings and Structures
Autore/i: Lucesoli, Michele; Bernardini, Gabriele; Quagliarini, Enrico
Editore: Green Lines Institute
Luogo di pubblicazione: Barcelos
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/270980

A cognitive approach for improving built environment and users’ safety in emergency conditions,
TEMA
Autore/i: Bernardini, G.; Santarelli, S.; D’Orazio, M.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Cognitive Systems can be applied in architectural spaces to improve Built Environment performances basing on users’ needs. They can: 1) jointly monitor environmental conditions and human behaviours through Cognitive Built Environment (CBE) components; 2) use human-environment interaction models and related Key Performance Indicators to detect critical situations; 3) adapt CBE devices status to inform users on how to properly behave. This approach is applied to safety performances of outdoor (earthquake) and indoor (fire) scenarios, by proposing and testing solutions to support evacuees while reaching safe areas and rescuers’ support.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/268588

NANO-MATERIALI PER LA CONSERVAZIONE DELLE SUPERFICI STORICHE
ANANKE
Autore/i: Quagliarini, E.; Graziani, L.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Historic and architectural surfaces conservation is considered a more and more strategic way not only for cultural reasons, but also for positive economic and social consequences. Traditional techniques of interventions often require re-application after some years and they can be carefully used in many cases. Recent researches have tried to transfer nanotechnologies to the restoration sector so as to fill this gap. Nano-coatings, in particular with titanium dioxide (TiO2), is more and more used, because they seem to be able to keep historic architectural surfaces self-cleaned and to prevent biofouling. Thus, in this paper, TiO2 potential use on common historic materials like sandstone, limestone and tuff is presented by underlying pros and cons after laboratory-simulated tests. Results show the high potentiality of this nanomaterial for the conservation of historic surfaces by also maintaining their original visual appearance. However, particular care has to be paid when historic surfaces are highly porous and rough. This, in fact, can limit the efficiency of the TiO2-nanocoating
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/272113

Emergenza alluvione nei centri urbani: un approccio behavioral design-based per la mitigazione del rischio
Colloqui.AT.e 2019. Ingegno e costruzione nell’epoca della complessità
Autore/i: Bernardini, Gabriele; Lucesoli, Michele; Quagliarini, Enrico
Editore: Ed I. Torino: Politecnico di Torino
Luogo di pubblicazione: Torino
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/270979

Il castello di Roccamandolfi tra conservazione e innovazione
Colloqui.AT.e 2019. Ingegno e costruzione nell’epoca della complessità
Autore/i: Monni, Francesco; Quagliarini, Enrico; Mondaini, Gianluigi; Cardamone, Alessandra; Della Sciucca, Chiara; Pagliardini, Ilaria
Editore: Ed I. Torino: Politecnico di Torino
Luogo di pubblicazione: Torino
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/270978

How knowing people behaviour in disaster events could improve risk analysis, disaster prevention and post-disaster mitigation in historic centres
Rehab 2019 – Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Preservation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings and Structures
Autore/i: Quagliarini, Enrico; Bernardini, Gabriele
Editore: Green Lines Institute
Luogo di pubblicazione: Barcelos
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/270981

Rapid tools for assessing building heritage's seismic vulnerability: a preliminary reliability analysis
JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Autore/i: Quagliarini, E.; Lucesoli, M.; Bernardini, G.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Earthquakes represent a relevant issue for Building Heritage safety, especially while referring to historic urban fabric scenarios. Mitigation strategies should limit damages and losses to the Heritage, as well as critical emergency conditions at the urban scale (e.g. earthquake-induced damages on outdoor spaces; occupants’ safety). The possibility to promote numerical analyses and focused retrofitting interventions on isolated buildings and building aggregates (e.g. urban blocks) is strictly connected to the (limited) availability of time and economic resources. Hence, a current key strategy is to detect high-vulnerability elements and then define related risk maps to evidence critical conditions in the urban fabric by using quick-to-be applied approaches, especially about data collection, to allow a quick but enough reliable application at urban scale. Anyway, even if aggregates represent the most common building layout in historic city centres, most of such methods are focused on single structural units, composing the building aggregate, often requiring substantial detail levels (i.e. data from indoor surveys), to estimate post-earthquake conditions (i.e.: Macroseismic Vulnerability Assessment Methods – MVAMs). On the contrary, the few building aggregate-based approaches are generally based on outdoor expeditious data collection methods. Since estimations at urban scale could take advantages of rapid tools by using the related simplified approaches, this research considers two activities. Firstly, a preliminary reliability test is performed to evaluate a novel quick remote data collection approach on two well-known MVAMs. Then, a formulation to assess the seismic vulnerability of the entire aggregate from the indexes of each single structural units (MVAMs-based) is studied. This changing of scale could facilitate risk maps definition, by also extending inspected areas and reducing not necessary details, as well as emergency plans and strategies to define possible unavailable/obstructed paths in historic centres could take advantages to this proposal. A comparison with results from another existing rapid aggregate vulnerability assessment method (SISMA) is employed as a first attempt to verify the reliability of this proposed approach. MVAMs with the extended formulation for aggregates and SISMA according to the remote approach are applied to a real-world sample composed by historic masonry buildings recently affected by earthquakes (i.e. Central Italy, 2016–2017). Results firstly confirm that the novel remote data collection-based for MVAMs do not provokes an underestimation of the building vulnerability, moreover the comparison between the aggregates MVAM-based vulnerability indexes and SISMA underlines the presence of a reliable correlation.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/268470

Sustainable Engineering for Resilient Built and Natural Environments
The First Outstanding 50 Years of “Università Politecnica delle Marche”
Autore/i: Alici, Antonello; Bocci, Maurizio; Bonvini, Paolo; Brocchini, Maurizio; Calamai, Alessandro; Canestrari, Francesco; Capozucca, Roberto; Carbonari, Alessandro; Carbonari, Sandro; Cardone, Fabrizio; Clementi, Francesco; Clini, Paolo; Cocchi, Giammichele; Corvaro, Sara; Darvini, Giovanna; Davì, Fabrizio; Dezi, Luigino; Di Giuseppe, Elisa; D’Orazio, Marco; Ferretti, Maddalena; Ferrotti, Gilda; Gara, Fabrizio; Giretti, Alberto; Graziani, Andrea; Lancioni, Giovanni; Lemma, Massimo; Lenci, Stefano; Lorenzoni, Carlo; Malinverni, Eva Savina; Mancinelli, Alessandro; Mariano, Fabio; Mentrasti, Lando; Mondaini, Gianluigi; Montecchiari, Piero; Munafò, Placido; Naticchia, Berardo; Postacchini, Matteo; Quagliarini, Enrico; Quattrini, Ramona; Ragni, Laura; Serpilli, Michele; Soldini, Luciano; Virgili, Amedeo; Zampini, Giovanni
Editore: Springer
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/272866

Rethinking Buildings Design, Construction and Management Through Sustainable Technologies and Digitization
The First Outstanding 50 Years of “Università Politecnica delle Marche”
Autore/i: Carbonari, Alessandro; Di Giuseppe, Elisa; D’Orazio, Marco; Giretti, Alberto; Lemma, Massimo; Munafò, Placido; Naticchia, Berardo; Quagliarini, Enrico; Stazi, Francesca; Vaccarini, Massimo
Editore: Springer
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/272867

Proposing behavior-oriented strategies for earthquake emergency evacuation: A behavioral data analysis from New Zealand, Italy and Japan
SAFETY SCIENCE
Autore/i: Bernardini, G.; Lovreglio, R.; Quagliarini, E.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: Individuals’ safety in an earthquake highly depends on human reactions and emergency behaviours, especially in first evacuation phases and in urban scenarios. To increase community resilience, Civil Defense Bodies in several earthquake prone countries have defined a list of recommended behaviours to take during and after an earthquake. Following those recommended behaviours could avoid exposing people to additional risks and allow them to reach an effective help from rescuers. Nevertheless, previous studies suggested that differences between recommended behaviors and real-life actions exist and increase the probabilities of casualties. Hence, solutions to assist communities in reducing the occurrence of such “unsafe” phenomena are needed. In this work, we adopt a behavioral approach to examine spontaneous real-life behaviours observed through a database of videotapes of earthquakes from New Zealand, Italy, and Japan. The presence of response actions recommended by Civil Defense Bodies of those three Countries is also assessed. Observed behaviors are organized according to evacuation phases, and comparisons between the three Countries results are provided. An uncertainty assessment is performed to investigate the sample size impact on the proposed analysis. Finally, behavioral results are employed to trace possible valuable solutions aimed at increasing community resilience and individuals’ safety, by limiting the impact of hazardous spontaneous behaviors and providing an effective support to evacuees’ decisions as well as possible. Main solutions categories include assistance tools (e.g.: building components, individual devices), educational training (e.g.: by using serious games), evacuation plans according to the probable evacuation process
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/268471

Investigating Exposure in Historical Scenarios: How People Behave in Fires, Earthquakes and Floods
RILEM Bookseries
Autore/i: Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.; D'Orazio, M.
Editore: Springer Netherlands
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: In case of a disaster, the individuals’ safety depends on interactions between buildings vulnerability, related post-event damages and environmental conditions, human reaction to hazardous situations. Such interferences are critical in historical scenarios, because of particular environment features (e.g.: high buildings vulnerabilities; urban layout which is not designed to face actual emergency; individuals’ familiarity with architectural spaces, especially for tourists). Current risk assessment methods are limited to define exposure in terms of population’s presence in the scenario, but analysis should consider human behaviors in emergency, and especially during the evacuation process. Simulation models for evaluating evacuation motion have been recently developed to this aim, and so to evaluate the effectiveness of risk-reduction strategies. Nevertheless, models development and validation should be supported by experimental data to effectively represent the “human factor” in critical conditions. Hence, this paper combines previous literature results and real-life emergency analyses (performed on videotapes database from all over the World), by focusing on three main natural disasters recurrent for historical scenarios: fires, earthquakes and flood. Behavioral analyses try to define significant man-environment interactions from a qualitative and quantitative point of view. Results show how noticed behaviors can be distinguished in common ones and peculiar ones (referring to a specific disaster). Quantitative analyses referring to motion quantities evidence differences between the considered emergencies and underline the importance to adopt specific model inputs for each simulated disaster
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/268476

Diagnostic survey on frescoes paintings in Pompei by active Ir-thermography
IMEKO International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, MetroArchaeo 2017
Autore/i: Castellini, P.; Martarelli, M.; Lenci, S.; Quagliarini, E.; Silani, M.; Martellone, A.
Editore: International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO)
Classificazione: 4 Contributo in Atti di Convegno (Proceeding)
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/272664

Diagnosis and structural assessment of the assumption of the virgin mary chapel in Prague (CZ)
Key Engineering Materials
Autore/i: Monni, F.; Quagliarini, E.; Di Nisio, R.; Benedetti, A.
Editore: Trans Tech Publications Ltd
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: This paper illustrates the results of the analysis and the structural assessment of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary chapel, in Prague. The chapel, an oval-shaped building covered with a dome, was built at the end of the 16th century and can be considered the last example of renaissance architecture and, at the same time, the first example of baroque architecture in Prague: it is a significant testimony of the close connection between local artists and their Italian teachers. The building has been closed to visitors during the last decades for the presence of some structural damages and because it was severely degraded due to lack of maintenance. It was reopened in 2017 after a notable restoration process. This paper pays attention to the interdisciplinary approach used for structural assessment of the chapel, that is based on the activities of the “knowledge path,” the subsequent structural analysis and the intervention design. Particular attention was paid to the contribution of the historical review, geometric laser scanner survey and mechanical characterization of the structural materials. All these steps are necessary to identify potential vulnerabilities and to enable the understanding of the effective structural models, also in view of proposing adequate retrofit solutions. A numerical model of the chapel was prepared and calibrated. Finally, the structural assessment for static and seismic condition was performed.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/270982

The Lossetti Tower in Beura-Cardezza (Italy): Structural Assessment and Rehabilitation of a Historical Dry Stone Masonry Building
RILEM Bookseries
Autore/i: Monni, F.; Quagliarini, E.; Lenci, S.
Editore: Springer Netherlands
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: Dry stone masonry (DSM) is an ancient construction method widely used for vernacular and military buildings in rural and mountain regions. The use of this particular method is due to the large availability of natural stone that characterized these areas. The consolidation of DSM buildings is a challenging issue: in fact, this kind of masonry proved to be scarcely reliable under eccentric and horizontal loads and in absence of elements that are long enough to cross the masonry in its thickness. However, there are very few techniques that can preserve the peculiarities of a masonry texture. This paper presents the design approach that was used for the structural rehabilitation of the Lossetti Tower, a medieval DSM watchtower located in Beura-Cardezza (Italy, Piemonte Region). First, a preliminary research on the building was conducted. Secondly, to better understand the masonry quality, both a 3D laser scanning geometric survey and a technological study of the masonry typology and texture of the tower were executed. Thirdly, to evaluate the mechanical behaviour, a diagonal compression test on the DSM specimens was performed. Finally, after a structural assessment, was developed a tailored design of the strengthening intervention by using the technique of continuous basalt fibers stitching. The proposed system consists in creating a mesh of basalt fiber ropes, that passes through the masonry thickness and ties the blocks together. This system also allows to connect the wall in the transverse direction and to improve the monolithic behaviour of masonry panels in perfect compatibility with the original materials and it was preferred to the more invasive ones also for its reversibility
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/268475

Can textile reinforced mortar (TRM) systems be really effective to increase compressive strength of masonry panels?
Key Engineering Materials
Autore/i: Donnini, J.; Maracchini, G.; Chiappini, G.; Corinaldesi, V.; Quagliarini, E.; Lenci, S.
Editore: Trans Tech Publications Ltd
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: The use of Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) systems represent a valid alternative to traditional strengthening techniques, to improve mechanical strength and seismic performance of masonry buildings. Their effectiveness has been validated by several studies [1-4]. However, the TRM contribution in the mechanical behavior of masonry walls, subjected to simple compression, has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, an experimental campaign with the objective of studying the efficiency of TRM systems, applied to clay brick masonry panels, is presented. Compression tests were conducted on clay brick masonry panels with dimensions of 250x1000x1200 mm3 . Glass fiber bidirectional fabrics were applied on both sides of the panels, coupled with lime-based mortar, and connected with stainless steel helical connectors. The total thickness of the reinforcement system is 30 mm. The effect of the TRM reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of the panel is analyzed and experimental results are compared with those of unreinforced panels in terms of ultimate strength and failure modes.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/270983

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on algae biofouling on different fired brick surfaces
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Autore/i: Quagliarini, E.; Gianangeli, A.; D'Orazio, M.; Gregorini, B.; Osimani, A.; Aquilanti, L.; Clementi, F.
Classificazione: 1 Contributo su Rivista
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of environmental temperature and relative humidity on algae biofouling that often occurs on porous and rough fired brick surfaces. Brick samples were chosen since their common use on building façades. Accelerated growth tests were performed under different relative humidities and different temperatures. Results showed the effects of different temperature conditions in terms of algae growth delay and reduction of the covered area. All the relative humidity conditions tested substantially showed no growth from an engineering standpoint. The modified Avrami's law succeeded in modelling the biofouling under the different environmental conditions
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/268489

Flooding Pedestrians’ Evacuation in Historical Urban Scenario: A Tool for Risk Assessment Including Human Behaviors
RILEM Bookseries
Autore/i: Bernardini, Gabriele; Postacchini, Matteo; Quagliarini, Enrico; D’Orazio, Marco; Brocchini, Maurizio
Editore: Springer Netherlands
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Abstract: In the future, safety in historical city centers will be significantly affected by climate change-related disasters, such as floods. Risk assessment in these scenarios requires the combination of a series of factors: possible events characterization; urban layout configuration, its influence on flooding spreading and induced environmental modification; human factor, especially during first emergency phases. Historic urban scenario features (e.g.: compact urban fabrics; position near floodplains; possible inefficient early warning systems) additionally increase individuals’ risks. According to a “behavioral design” approach, developing flood evacuation simulation tools would help safety designers in assessing population’s exposure and then in suggesting emergency strategies to help citizens during such hazardous phases. This paper proposes a flooding evacuation simulation tool, which jointly represents the individuals’ evacuation motion towards safe areas, and the floodwaters spreading in the urban scenario. In particular, the simulator is founded on previous literature results concerning emergency behaviors and motion quantities (e.g.: evacuation speed as function of floodwaters flow) and adopts an agent-based model architecture. A part of the historic city center of Senigallia, an Italian city that suffered a significant flood in 2014, is chosen as application case-study to show tool capabilities. Results outline risk levels for individuals, and evidence critical points (in the urban space and during the time) for man-floodwaters-environment interactions (e.g.: being swept away by floodwaters). By evaluating probable evacuees’ choices in different scenarios, the tool is proposed to check the effectiveness of solutions for reducing evacuation process risks (e.g.: emergency planning; architectural elements development; interventions for floodwaters collection also in urban scenarios).
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/263425

STRUMENTI PER LA GESTIONE DELL’EMERGENZA NEI CENTRI STORICI
culture costruttive per il recupero sostenibile
Autore/i: Bernardini, G.; Quagliarini, E.; D’Orazio, M.
Editore: Edicom edizioni
Luogo di pubblicazione: Monfalcone (Gorizia)
Classificazione: 3 Libro
Abstract: Affrontare l’emergenza sisma nei centri storici implica analizzare congiuntamente la sicurezza di costruito, persone e sistema di spazi urbani, e la gestione delle prime e critiche fasi emergenziali (in particolare, dell’evacuazione), per pianificare azioni efficaci di riduzione del rischio. A tal fine, il volume offre al progettista una visione sistemica su strumenti e metodi utili nel processo decisionale. Nella prima parte, si discute lo stato delle conoscenze e si illustrano criticamente i principali strumenti a disposizione per pianificare e gestire l’emergenza. Partendo dalle ricerche sviluppate dagli autori, la seconda parte espone una proposta operativa innovativa, che sfrutta strumenti metodologici rapidi e avanzati (come quelli basati su tool di simulazione) per valutare diverse soluzioni progettuali. Infine, gli strumenti proposti sono applicati a caso di studio significativo.
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/256249

Building Heritage cognitivo: un sistema per la gestione e la conservazione dell’edificio storico (Cognitive Building heritage: a system for management and conservation of historic buildings)
Colloqui.AT.e 2018. Edilizia Circolare
Autore/i: Gregorini, Benedetta; Gianangeli, Andrea; Bernardini, Gabriele; Quagliarini, Enrico; D’Orazio, Marco
Editore: Edicom Editore
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/268583

Tecnologie, sistemi costruttivi, quadro fessurativo e degrado
La Cappella italiana dell’Assunzione della Vergine Maria - Messa in sicurezza, consolidamento strutturale, restauro architettonico
Autore/i: Monni, F.; Quagliarini, E.
Editore: Aracne Editrice
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/268575

Analisi strutturale e progettazione dell’intervento di consolidamento
La Cappella italiana dell’Assunzione della Vergine Maria - Messa in sicurezza, consolidamento strutturale, restauro architettonico
Autore/i: Monni, F.; Quagliarini, E.; Vallucci, S.; Agostinelli, S.; Benedetti, A.; Di Nisio, R.; Montesi, M.; Steli, E.
Luogo di pubblicazione: Aracne Editrice
Classificazione: 2 Contributo in Volume
Scheda della pubblicazione: https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/268577